The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is the main fruit tree in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of Tunisia, which is where the problem of salinity is more pronounced. Salinity is one of the main factors that affects the productivity of olive trees, so the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of salinity on the photosynthesis, water relations, mineral status, and enzymatic activity of two cultivars of Olea europaea L., ‘Chemlali’ and ‘Koroneiki’. The trial was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse for a period of 49 days and included two treatments: T0 control and T100 (irrigation with 100 mM of NaCl solution). Under salinity stress, the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaves of both cultivars were negatively affected. ‘Chemlali’ showed greater tolerance to NaCl salinity, based on a progressive decrease in osmotic potential (Ψπ) followed by a progressive and synchronous decrease in gs, without a comparable decrease in photosynthesis. The water use efficiency (WUE) improved as a result. In addition, the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in ‘Chemlali’ rose. This appears to be crucial for managing stress. Conversely, enzymatic activity showed an accumulation of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in stressed plants. The catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) content decreased in both stressed varieties. It can be concluded that the cultivar ‘Koroneiki’ is more susceptible to salt stress than the cultivar ‘Chemlali’, because the accumulation of GPX and the decreases in CAT and APX were more pronounced in this cultivar.

Growing conditions and seasonal fluctuations are critical factors affecting fruit and vegetable nutritional quality. The effects of two partially overlapping cropping seasons, early (ECS; January–May) and full (FCS; March–July), on the main carpometric traits and bioactive components of different watermelon fruits were investigated in the open field. Four watermelon genotypes, comprising of three commercial cultivars ‘Crimson Sweet’, ‘Dumara’, ‘Giza’, and the novel hybrid ‘P503 F1’, were compared. The carpometric traits varied significantly between genotypes. Soluble solids and yield were higher under FCS than ECS. The variation affecting colour indexes between the two growing seasons exhibited a genotype-dependent trend. The antioxidant components and radical scavenging activity of watermelon fruits were also significantly affected by differences in received solar energy and temperature fluctuations during the trial period. The average citrulline, total phenolics and flavonoid contents were 93%, 71% and 40% higher in FCS than in ECS. A genotype-dependent variation trend was also observed for lycopene and total vitamin C between cropping seasons. The hydrophilic and lipophilic radical scavenging activities of the pulp of ripe watermelon fruits of the different genotypes investigated varied between 243.16 and 425.31 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE) of 100 g⁻¹ of fresh weight (fw) and from 232.71 to 341.67 µmol TE of 100 g⁻¹ fw in FCS and ECS, respectively. Our results, although preliminary, show that the functional quality of watermelon fruits is drastically altered depending on the environmental conditions that characterize the ECS and LCS.

Managing tillage intensity and diversifying crop rotation are important sustainability levers for conservation agriculture (CA) with the potential to enhance crop resilience, resource efficiency, and yield stability. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the effect of reduced tillage intensities and cereal–legume rotation systems on the agronomic and physiological performance of rainfed durum wheat grown under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions. To this end, a two cropping seasons field experiment was conducted in northeast Tunisia where the combined effects of two reduced tillage intensities (minimum and no-tillage; MT and NT) and two legume-based crop rotation systems (biennial and triennial; B and T) were compared to the more traditional conventionally tilled monocropping system (CT and M). Crop rotation, particularly when integrated with no-tillage (NT), significantly improved wheat development and grain yield, along with key yield attributes such as thousand-kernel weight and spike density. The interaction between tillage and crop sequence was highly influential; for instance, the NT × T (no-tillage × triennial rotation) combination achieved the highest grain yields (240 and 236 g m⁻² in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively), while the CT × M (conventional tillage × monoculture) interaction resulted in the lowest productivity (143 and 135 g m⁻²). Physiologically, the integration of reduced tillage and legume–cereal rotations optimized the photosynthetic apparatus, as evidenced by significantly improved chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. However, a prominent trade-off was identified: while NT × T maximized productivity, conventional tillage (CT) maintained superior grain protein (18.6%) and gluten concentrations, indicating a nitrogen dilution effect in high-yielding conservation systems. These results demonstrate that while no-tillage and triennial rotations (faba bean–wheat–barley) are robust strategies for climate-resilient yields in semi-arid environments, they must be coupled with optimized nitrogen management to offset quality declines. Consequently, this study establishes the NT × T interaction as a superior model for sustainable rainfed farming, provided that nutrient synchronization is addressed to ensure nutritional security under increasingly unpredictable Mediterranean climates.