This paper aims to examine the current landscape of novel biomarkers in diabetes mellitus (DM), with particular emphasis on emerging candidates, and their roles in early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, risk stratification, and managing complications. Given the global prevalence of DM and its complex pathophysiology, identifying reliable biomarkers is critical for optimizing prevention strategies and personalized treatment approaches. This review highlights the shift from traditional glycemic markers, which remain clinically useful but limited, to a broader array of novel biomarkers that more accurately reflect the complex pathophysiology of DM. In addition to conventional measures, inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, along with genetic and epigenetic regulators, provide added predictive value for disease susceptibility, progression, and complications. Recent research has identified emerging biomarkers, such as adiponectin, adropin, netrin-1, α-hydroxybutyrate, fetuin-A, lipo-protein(a), and lysophosphatidylcholine, which detect early metabolic imbalances and reveal mechanistic links to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and vascular injury. Their integration into multimarker panels holds particular promise for precision medicine, supporting tailored prevention, targeted therapy, and improved outcomes for individuals with prediabetes and DM.

Introduction. Premature birth represents a major public health issue associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study: to examine the role of salivary biomarkers of calcium homeostasis (Ca) in the prognosis of dental caries (DC) in prematurely born children. Materials and Methods: A case-control clinical study was conducted on a sample of 621 children aged 1-3 years. The research group (L1) included 207 prematurely born children, while the control group (L0) consisted of 414 conventionally healthy children. Caries experience indices were assessed and salivary biomarkers of Ca homeostasis were evaluated, including levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca, and phosphates (Pi). Results: Severe early DC was 6.26 times more frequent in L1 children compared to L0. In L1 children, a significant decrease in vitamin D levels and the Ca/ Pi ratio in oral fluid (OF) was observed, along with an increase in PTH levels, compared to L0 subjects. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency, increased PTH production, and a decreased Ca/Pi ratio in OF can be used as indicators of Ca homeostasis disruption and the rampant progression of DC in prematurely born children.

Introduction Risk assessment is an essential component in the decision-making process for the prevention and management of dental caries (DC). Aim of the study: to evaluate the reliability of complex and personalized prediction of dental caries in school-aged children using different Cariogram Software models. Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical study was conducted on a sample of 72 school-aged children. The research group (L1) included 36 children with DC, while the control group (L0) included 36 children without carious lesions. The complex and personalized prediction of DC in children was performed in both groups using two Cariogram Software models: the classic model and the simplified model, without the use of salivary tests. Results: The reliability of DC prediction in children without carious lesions (L0) was approximately identical when using both Cariogram Software models. In children from the L1 group, the reliability of DC prediction using the classic Cariogram model was 37.02% higher compared to the simplified model, which did not use salivary tests. Conclusions: To identify subjects at high and extreme risk for the development of DC, it is necessary to apply the classic Cariogram model, which involves the use of tests to assess the properties of oral fluid. However, the most significant factor is the evaluation of the number of Streptococcus mutans.