Based on the theory of Pilling-Bedworth ratio (PBR) for metals, PBR for oxidation of alloys is suggested as Three Al₂O₃ forming alloys (Ni₃Al, NiAl and NiAl₃) were used as examples to calculate PBR with this method. The results showed significant discrepancies compared with the PBR calculated with aluminium metal. Calculation with the traditional method gave the PBR value for oxidation of Al as 1.29; calculations with the modified method gave the PBR values for Ni₃Al, NiAl and NiAl₃ alloys as 1.71∼1.88, 1.64∼1.78, and 1.48∼1.57, respectively.

The energetics and length scales associated with the interaction between point defects (vacancies and self-interstitial atoms) and grain boundaries in bcc Fe was explored. Molecular statics simulations were used to generate a grain boundary structure database that contained $\approx$170 grain boundaries with varying tilt and twist character. Then, vacancy and self-interstitial atom formation energies were calculated at all potential grain boundary sites within 15 Å of the boundary. The present results provide detailed information about the interaction energies of vacancies and self-interstitial atoms with symmetric tilt grain boundaries in iron and the length scales involved with absorption of these point defects by grain boundaries. Both low- and high-angle grain boundaries were effective sinks for point defects, with a few low-$\Sigma$ grain boundaries (e.g., the $\Sigma 3$ $\left\{112\right\}$ twin boundary) that have properties different from the rest. The formation energies depend on both the local atomic structure and the distance from the boundary center. Additionally, the effect of grain boundary energy, disorientation angle, and $\Sigma$ designation on the boundary sink strength was explored; the strongest correlation occurred between the grain boundary energy and the mean point defect formation energies. Based on point defect binding energies, interstitials have $\approx$80$\%$ more grain boundary sites per area and $\approx$300$\%$ greater site strength than vacancies. Last, the absorption length scale of point defects by grain boundaries is over a full lattice unit larger for interstitials than for vacancies (mean of 6–7 Å versus 10–11 Å for vacancies and interstitials, respectively).