The article provides a brief analysis of research results in the field of preparation and storage of silage feed. A brief description of the innovative energy – resource saving technology for the preparation and storage of silage in vacuum-processed containers made from an airtight film is given. The theory of compaction of feed in a container due to its self-weight of the silage and vacuum pressure is presented. It is shown that only vacuum gauge pressure acts on the top of a container, and the difference between the gauge pressure and the lateral and axial pressure, respectively act on the side and bottom of it. The practice of using vacuum-processed containers during silage has shown that a compacted layer is formed over the entire surface of the obtained monolith, which prevents the exit of juice and air from silage. With the porosity of the mass approaching zero, the density of grinded mass of plants approaches the density of their stems and further compaction of silage is senseless. Sufficient vacuum for silage is 60–70 kPa. The density of the compressed silage monoliths in this case is 700–800 kg/m3.

This paper presents a simulation of the heat exchange process in a solar dryer designed for corn cobs placed in flexible bulk containers (Big-Bag type). The distinctive feature of this drying system is the use of soft load-bearing containers, which simplify loading, unloading, and transportation, while also reducing mechanical damage to the corn cobs. The bottom of each container is perforated to allow the free flow of heated drying agent into the chamber. The study aims to improve the efficiency of the solar drying process to reduce the moisture content of corn cobs below 15%, thereby ensuring the required quality during storage and transport. To validate the drying regimes and parameters, heat and mass transfer processes were simulated using numerical modeling and experimental design methods based on a laboratory-scale physical model of the drying chamber. Numerical simulations were performed using the Reynolds-averaged equations coupled with the heat conduction equation for three porosity coefficients: 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55. The models provided contours of temperature and humidity distribution within the confined boundaries of the drying chamber and individual corn cobs, positioned both vertically and horizontally within the airflow zone, for varying drying durations. The core novelty of this research is the development of an optimized framework for solar drying corn in flexible containers, which integrates numerical simulation with experimental validation to establish key efficient parameters. Specifically, the study provides the following: (1) a validated regression model linking moisture content to airflow rate, drying time, and layer thickness at 45 °C; and (2) a detailed analysis of thermo-hydraulic contours within both the chamber and individual cobs for different porosities, offering practical insights for system design and operation.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы уборки снега на режимных территориях учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. В зимний период в учреждениях с небольшой территорией, особенно находящихся в черте крупных городов, возникает вопрос складирования иливывоза снега. Денежных средств, выделяемых на утилизацию твердых бытовых отходов, не остается на вывоз снега, поэтому цель исследования – повышение эффективности уборки снега в учреждениях и органах уголовно-исполнительной системы с ее экономическим обоснованием. В результате проведенной работы установлено, что наиболее рациональным является способ уборки снегаплавлением в ливневую канализацию. Научной новизной выступает методика расчета, с помощьюкоторой можно определить необходимый объем перетапливаемого снега, подобрать подходящуюдля учреждения снегоплавильную установку по производительности, рассчитать энергетические иэксплуатационные затраты. Сделаны выводы о целесообразности применения установок с замкну-тым технологическим циклом плавления снега, работающих на электрической энергии или под-ключаемых к системе отопления зданий учреждений. The article analyzes the problems of snow removal in the restricted areas of penal systeminstitutions. In winter, in institutions with a small area, especially those located within the boundariesof large cities, the issue of storage or removal of snow arises. Funds allocated for the disposal of solidhousehold waste do not leave balances for the removal of snow, therefore the purpose of the study is toincrease the efficiency of snow removal in institutions and bodies of the penal system with its economicjustification. As a result of the work carried out, it was found that the most rational method is to removesnow by melting it into the storm water drain. The scientific novelty is the calculation method, with the helpof which it is possible to assess the required volume of melted snow, to select a snow-melting installationsuitable for the institution in terms of productivity, to calculate the energy and operating costs. Conclusionsare made about the advisability of using installations with a closed technological cycle of melting snow,operating on electric energy or connected to the heating system of buildings of penal institutions.

В статье рассматриваются особенности расчета складских площадей продовольственного склада учреждения. Многие существующие складские помещения учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы нуждаются в капитальном ремонте или полной замене на новые здания. Как правило, они представляют собой кирпичные или железобетонные строения наземного или заглубленного типа, требующие высоких затрат на строительство, эксплуатацию и ремонт. В связи с этим возникает необходимость внедрения современных энергосберегающих логистических технологий. Целью данной научной работы является разработка теоретически обоснованного расчета площади модульного продовольственного склада при составлении технического задания на объект закупки в уголовно-исполнительной системе. Методологическую основу исследования составили анализ, индукция, формально-логический метод. Научной новизной выступает методика расчета, с помощью которой можно определить необходимые площади для хранения сухого продовольствия и установки холодильных камер, подобрать подходящее по вместимости технологическое оборудование, рассчитать площади вспомогательных помещений. В ходе исследования был проведен анализ существующих сборно-разборных модульных хранилищ, изучены особенности объемно-планировочных решений складов, определены факторы, влияющие на количественные показатели расчета. Сделаны выводы о необходимости выбора палетного способа складирования сухого продовольствия и влиянии объемно-планировочных решений на методику расчета площади модульных хранилищ. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при осуществлении закупок сборно-разборных зданий и оборудования продовольственных хранилищ сотрудниками тыловых подразделений территориальных органов ФСИН России, а также в образовательных организациях ФСИН России при проведении учебных занятий. In the article the authors discuss the peculiarities of calculating the storage space of an institution's food warehouse. Many existing warehouses of penal institutions require major repairs or complete renovation. As a rule, they are brick or reinforced concrete structures of above-ground or buried type, requiring high costs for construction, operation and repair. In this regard, there is a need to introduce modern energy-saving logistics technologies. The purpose of this scientific work is to develop a theoretically based calculation of the area of a modular food warehouse when drawing up technical specifications for a procurement object in the penitentiary system. Analysis, induction, and formal logical method made the methodological basis of the study. The scientific novelty is the calculation method, with the help of which one can determine the required areas for storing “dry” food and installing refrigeration chambers, select technological equipment suitable for capacity, and calculate the area of auxiliary premises. During the study, the authors carried out an analysis of existing prefabricated modular storage, the features of space-planning solutions for warehouses were studied, and defined the factors influencing the quantitative calculation indicators. The authors give conclusions about the need to choose a pallet method of storing “dry” food and the influence of space-planning decisions on the methodology for calculating the area of modular storage facilities. The results of the study can be used when purchasing prefabricated buildings and equipment for food storage facilities by employees of the rear units of the territorial bodies of the FPS of Russia, as well as in educational organizations of the FPS of Russia when conducting training sessions.

The article provides an overview of threats to economic security at the current stage of the country's development and ways to reduce the effects of negative factors on the economy. The most relevant internal and external threats, as well as significant indicators of economic security, are analyzed. Reasonable directions are proposed to reduce pressure on the economic security of the country by neutralizing the primary threats, namely: support for young families, increasing fertility, reducing mortality from diseases, reducing the property stratification of the population, including by increasing the minimum wage and returning to the wage scale in the public sector.

This study presents the results of research aimed at improving the efficiency of coal combustion in KWr-0.2 boilers. The improvement is achieved by optimizing the air supply to the stationary coal bed using vertically installed cylindrical air injectors equipped with side openings. The objective of the research is to increase the efficiency of low-power boilers by (1) enhancing the air supply to the coal bed, and (2) optimizing the number and arrangement of heat exchange pipelines within the combustion chamber. The research methodology included: numerical calculation of velocity and temperature fields above the fuel bed in the combustion chamber under specified post-combustion firing conditions; experimental analysis of the flue gas composition using a TESTO-300 gas analyzer; evaluation of residual energy content in coal and ash (obtained from both the collimator and integrated combustion systems) using a calorimetric bomb; and assessment of the elemental composition of ash structures via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results of the study demonstrated a 35% reduction in flue gas toxicity. Furthermore, the residual energy content in the ash resulting from the proposed method was found to be 40% lower than that observed with the conventional combustion method. The total content of chemical elements in the fuel combustion products decreased by 11–12%. The practical significance of the proposed coal combustion method is substantiated by its high economic efficiency, which enables a reduction in the required mass of coal burned by up to 40% per heating season.