Pretomanid (PA-824), a novel anti-tuberculosis (TB) nitroimidazoxazine, has been approved for multi-drug-resistant TB treatment for a few years. Pretomanid has been demonstrated to be highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis when combined with other anti-TB drugs. This review provides an update of the current knowledge on the modes of action, resistance mechanisms, emergence of drug resistance, and status of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for pretomanid and its relevance for clinical practice. Pretomanid resistance has been reported in in-vitro and animal models but not yet in clinical trials. Pretomanid-resistance-associated mutations have been reported in the fbiA, fbiB, fbiC, fbiD, ddn and fgd1 genes. However, understanding of in-vivo molecular resistance mechanisms remains limited, and complicates the development of accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for pretomanid. As such, no reference method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of pretomanid has been established to guide clinical use. Further studies linking specific mutations, in-vitro susceptibility, drug exposure and resistance mechanisms to treatment failure with pretomanid should be prioritized.

Current research on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ mainly focuses on its nano- or micro-particle forms, which are difficult to recycle and apply in real engineering applications. This study aims to apply a small pilot of TiO₂ in the ceramic form to remove carbamazepine (CBZ) from an aqueous solution under simulated sunlight. A high removal efficiency up to >99% was shown in a 5 mg L⁻¹ CBZ solution after 6 h of irradiation with a total energy of 150.92 kJ. The kinetic degradation was not affected in an alkaline solution (at pH 7, pH 10, and pH 13) but was faster under acidic conditions (pH 2) in which CBZ existed in the protonated form. The presence of NO₃⁻ (10–50 mg L⁻¹) slightly affected the photodegradation of CBZ while humic acid significantly reduced the photocatalytic activity. In addition, the presence of major ions in water also had a negative effect at concentrations between 10 and 50 mg L⁻¹. The MS/MS was used to identify the transformation products of CBZ, and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed. The toxicity of CBZ and the by-products was primarily evaluated. The results showed that TiO₂ ceramics show high reusability and stability with a photocatalytic performance of >95% and a mass loss of <5% after 90 degradation cycles.