COVID-19 has resulted in more than 100 million reported infections in the United States. Hypertension is a highly prevalent comorbidity among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and is commonly associated with cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of hypertension on outcomes among COVID-19 hospitalizations. We conducted a retrospective study using the National Inpatient Sample. We included 5.9 million adult hospitalizations with confirmed COVID-19 between 2020 and 2022, of which 3.7 million had concomitant HTN and 2.2 million did not. After multivariable adjustment, HTN was associated with higher odds of noninvasive ventilation (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.37–1.43), acute kidney injury (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.62–1.67), renal replacement therapy (aOR 4.17, 95% CI 4.02–4.34), atrial fibrillation (aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.74–1.79), acute myocardial infarction (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.48–1.56), ischemic stroke (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.44–1.57), cardiac arrest (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.17–1.25), severe COVID-19 (aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.75–1.80), and critical COVID-19 (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.63–1.67). HTN was also associated with a slightly longer adjusted length of stay and higher adjusted total charges. The hypertension group had higher crude in-hospital mortality (12.6% vs. 9.3%); however, after multivariable adjustment, hypertension was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90–0.93; p < 0.001). Overall, hypertension was associated with increased inpatient morbidity and a complicated hospital course among hospitalizations with COVID-19, despite lower adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent in the United States and increases the risk of severe illness in patients with COVID-19. We compared outcomes among adult COVID-19 hospitalizations with and without DM. Methods: We compared the National Inpatient Sample (2020–2022), using multivariate regression to adjust for potential confounders. Results: Among 5,934,565 hospitalizations for COVID-19, 2,155,978 (36.3%) had concomitant DM. The DM group had higher unadjusted in-hospital mortality (13.5% vs. 10.1%) and was associated with higher mortality after adjustment (aOR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15–1.19; p < 0.001). DM was also independently associated with higher odds of acute respiratory failure (46.1% vs. 42.3%; aOR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.11–1.13; p < 0.001), greater use of invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.33–1.37; p < 0.001) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV; aOR 1.42; 95% CI, 1.40–1.45; p < 0.001). COVID-19 hospitalizations with DM also had higher rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, sepsis, septic shock, and vasopressor use, along with longer length of hospital stay and higher total hospitalization charges. In-hospital mortality among COVID-19 hospitalizations with DM was lower in 2022 than in 2020 and 2021. Conclusions: DM was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and greater respiratory, renal, and hemodynamic complications and hospital resource utilization.

Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in the United States and increases the risk of severe illness in patients with COVID-19. We compared outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes using the National Inpatient Sample (2020-2022), adjusting for confounders via multivariable logistic regression. Among 5,934,565 hospitalizations for COVID-19, 2,155,978 (36.3%) had concomitant diabetes. The diabetes group had higher unadjusted in-hospital mortality (13.5% vs. 10.1%), but was not independently associated with mortality after adjustment (aOR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-1.00). However, diabetes was independently associated with higher incidence of acute respiratory failure (46.1% vs 42.3%, aOR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.27-1.30), greater need for invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.22; 95% CI 1.20-1.24) and non-invasive ventilation (aOR 1.27; 95% CI 1.25-1.29). These patients also had higher rates of ARDS, acute kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, sepsis, septic shock, and vasopressor use, along with longer length of hospital stay and higher total charges of hospitalization. Mortality among COVID-19 patients with diabetes declined through 2020-2022 (15.8% to 8.4%). Diabetes was not independently associated with in-hospital mortality but was associated with greater respiratory, renal, hemodynamic complications and hospital resource utilization. Early recognition and management of diabetes is warranted in patients with COVID-19.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibro-inflammatory condition defined by permanent anatomical changes in the pancreas. The causes of CP are described by the TIGAR-O classification system: toxin-related, idiopathic, genetic mutations, autoimmune disorders, episodes of recurrent acute pancreatitis, and obstructions. Pain is multifactorial in nature, and common psychopathological consequences of CP, including depression and anxiety, complicate the clinical picture of chronic pancreatitis. As a result, the quality of life of patients with CP is decreased. This review describes the pathophysiology of pain and its relationship to underlying psychological consequences, with a focus on a long-term, holistic management approach. Strategies that combine physical and psychological management align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). CP predominantly affects patients from low socioeconomic backgrounds due to disparities in medical care, underscoring the relevance of achieving SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). This review emphasizes the importance of targeted research in developing a holistic care model for CP that aligns with the SDGs.

Background: Obesity has been associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes, but nationally representative data across multiple pandemic years remain limited. We evaluated the association between obesity and in-hospital outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 infection in the United States during 2020–2022. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample. Adult COVID-19 hospitalizations were categorized according to obesity status. Survey-weighted multivariable regression analyses assessed associations with in-hospital mortality, respiratory support, renal complications, thromboembolic events, sepsis-related outcomes, cardiovascular complications, length of stay, hospitalization charges, and discharge disposition. Results: The study included 1,186,914 COVID-19 hospitalizations, representing 5,934,565 weighted hospitalizations of which 1,529,022 had obesity and 4,406,543 did not have obesity. Hospitalizations with obesity involved younger individuals and greater proportions of female individuals.After adjustment, obesity was associated with increased odds of mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.36–1.40; p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, acute pulmonary embolism, venous embolism and thrombosis, tracheostomy, acute kidney injury, and renal replacement therapy. Obesity was also associated with longer hospital stays and higher hospitalization charges. Mortality among hospitalizations with obesity peaked in 2021 and declined in 2022. Conclusions: Obesity was independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes and greater hospital resource utilization among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 infection.

Obesity has been associated with worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection, but nationally representative data across multiple pandemic years remain limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2020 to 2022 to evaluate the association between obesity and in-hospital outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 in the United States. Adult hospitalizations with COVID-19 infection were identified and stratified according to the presence or absence of obesity. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess the association of obesity with in-hospital mortality, respiratory support, renal complications, thromboembolic events, sepsis-related outcomes, cardiovascular complications, hospital length of stay, total hospitalization charges, and discharge disposition. A total of 5,934,565 adult COVID-19 hospitalizations were included, of which 1,450,164 patients had obesity, and 4,484,401 did not. Patients with obesity were younger, more likely to be female, and more commonly African American or Hispanic. After multivariable adjustment, obesity was associated with increased odds of mortality (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.25–1.29; p < 0.001), respiratory support, vasopressor use, sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), acute pulmonary embolism, acute deep venous thrombosis, tracheostomy, acute kidney injury, and renal replacement therapy, along with longer hospital stays and higher total hospitalization charges. Mortality among patients with obesity peaked in 2021 and declined in 2022. Obesity appears to be an independent predictor of adverse in-hospital outcomes in adults hospitalized with COVID-19.