The idea of inhancing competitiveness of the national economy was developed in the article from the position of improving energy efficiency and diversifying energy supply sources in rural areas, considering promising directions of development. Current situation in the country was analyzed, and comparisons with European countries were made, promising ways of sustainable rural development were determined, connected with the creation and improvement of the existing tools for using renewable energy sources. Particular attention was paid to the analysis and development of concepts of optimal models for complex utilization of renewable energy sources at the local level. Practical recommendations for introduction of renewable energy sources for energy supply in rural areas were developed. The necessity in deepening Goverment system measures to stimulate and support energy efficiency and the utilization of renewable energy sources was proven, as well as priority directions for the implementation of corresponding projects were identified. The necessity and peculiarities of the ways of diversifying energy supply sources for rural territories were studied. The concept and practical recommendations for utilization of biomass as the most promising type of renewable energy sources in rural areas of Ukraine were developed.

Factors affecting the interaction of the active cultivator paw with the soil environment are considered in this article. It was established that the active oscillating effect of tillage machines on the environment leads to reduction in its traction characteristics, and the design of symmetrical movable paw is capable of self-oscillation in a horizontal plane. It was developed the theoretical model of oscillatory movements that takes into account the main structural parameters of working bodies represented by symmetrical cultivator paws of the active type. For laboratory studies, a circular soil channel is used, which ensures the movement of the soil relative to the stationary working body for an unlimited time, as well as recording the results using computer, photo and video equipment.

Perennial plantations that are zoned in Ukraine allow to obtain high-quality fruits (nuts), which are widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical, oil, confectionery and other industries, as well as in the production of feed and feed additives. The known technologies of mass processing of walnut kernels mostly work well with crops that have a spherical or close to spherical external shape. The simplest, but least productive, are primitive manual devices for peeling walnut shells. Despite the simplicity of their design, these devices are inefficient and unsuitable for adjusting their operation to different varieties and physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits. The analysis of the known designs of walnut shell destruction machines and mechanisms showed the need to study the physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits (walnuts), to develop technical recommendations for the design of impact mechanisms to improve the quality of shell destruction and the possibility of their application in mass production technologies. A research methodology was developed, a laboratory setup was manufactured, and experiments were conducted. To determine the strength characteristics, the author designed and manufactured a device. It consists of a lever mechanism and a deforming device. The dimensions and load measurements were carried out according to well-known methods of physical mechanics. The statistical analysis of the results showed the need for in-depth scientific research of the geometric parameters of the design of the working bodies of machines for destroying the walnut shell in the mechanisms of fruit peeling machines, taking into account the quality indicators performance of works with certain conditions of their implementation. We conclude that according to the results of the experiments, there is a fairly high dependence between the geometric dimensions of the walnut fruit at the level of 0.72, 0.57 and 0.49, respectively. The weight of the fruit also depends on its dimensional characteristics, which is logical at the level of 0.6–0.75. The force of critical static fracture has a weak correlation with the dimensional characteristics at the level of 0.3. And it depends little on the plane of its application.

Researchers are faced with the challenge of selecting, among existing control and measuring devices, such modern measurement tools that meet the requirements of accuracy, data flow rate, and the ability to record information on data carriers for subsequent processing. This work presents a generalization and a new solution to the scientific problem, which consisted in the development and substantiation of a methodology for measuring technological parameters in scientific research of biological material processing using control and measuring devices built on mechatronic principles. The applicability of the proposed methodology was investigated through research into technological parameters (specifically, temperature in dough layers) during the preparation of bakery products. Technical recommendations were developed for the design of a reading-recording module and the potential for its use in studies of mass production technologies. An analysis of known temperature measuring instruments was conducted, and it was determined that strain gauge sensors are the most suitable for the conditions of our research. A five-channel reading and recording module was used in the experiment. Known bread baking technologies were analyzed, and measurement conditions and the required discreteness were substantiated. The temperature range during the process was between 30–160°C, with an adequate measurement discreteness of 1 second. An experimental research plan was developed, including procedures for measurements and ensuring their accuracy. Laboratory equipment was fabricated to determine temperature parameters in the bread baking process. Baking is accompanied by pulsed action of the heater, maintaining the bowl temperature within 35–150°C throughout kneading and baking. At the start of baking, the temperature at each measurement point changes according to specific patterns. In the 1 cm layer of dough, the temperature reaches 100±5°C and does not rise further, which is due to the formation of a crust with lower moisture content compared to the crumb. In deeper layers beyond 1 cm, the temperature stabilizes around 105±5°C and remains constant during the entire process. These values are conditioned by the specific thermodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid phase of water present in the dough.

Розвиток сільськогосподарського виробництва, особливо його технічне забезпечення, потребує постійного вдосконалення та впровадження передових зразків засобів механізації. Обґрунтовано актуальність народно-господарської проблеми якості матеріально-технічного забезпечення агро- промислового виробництва. Стверджується, що прогнозування кількісних і якісних показників технічного стану опосередковано впливає на технології, які застосовуються на ланах зокрема у Полтавському регіоні. Наведено результати досліджень статистичного аналізу за якісними та кількісними показниками придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів, що відображені у єдиному реєстрі для ведення автоматизованого обліку тракторів відділу реєстрації сільськогосподарської техніки Головного управління Держпродспоживслужби в Полтавській області за період з 2018 року по 2023 рік. Наведені та обґрунтовані тенденції та динаміка заміни тракторів у господарствах регіону, рекомендовані шляхи удосконалення організаційно-технічних механізмів щодо забезпечення тракторами підприємств та фізичних осіб Полтавської області з урахуванням викликів сьогодення, зумовлених воєнним станом. Визначено організаційно-технічні та економічні механізми оновлення тракторного парку підприємств та приватних власників-фізичних осіб Полтавського регіону. Спостерігається різке скорочення динаміки щодо кількості придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів та тракторної техніки у 2022 році. Початок воєнних подій призвели до різкого – більш ніж у два рази, скорочення придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів та тракторної техніки. Дослідження динаміки співвідно-шення використання закордонних тракторів та тракторів вітчизняного виробництва не менш болюча тема для держави. Маємо негативну тенденцію до значного відносного збільшення на тракторному ринку Полтавської області тракторів та тракторної техніки закордонного виробництва. Склалась ситуація, коли кількість закордонних моделей тракторів у 2022 році і більшій частині 2023 року перевищила реєстраційні дії відносно тракторів вітчизняного виробництва майже у три рази. Статистично підтверджено той факт, що відсутність чи недостатня кількість вітчизняних виробників сільськогосподарської техніки, в тому числі тракторів, призводить до експортної залежності ринку. Наслідком цього є значне зростання цін на запчастини та тракти закордонного виробництва.

The article presents the results of a study on the operational degradation of engine oil under the working conditions of internal combustion engines (ICE) used in agricultural and automotive machinery, where the operating environment is classified as particularly severe: high air dustiness, irregular loads, frequent engine starts, and extended idling periods. These factors accelerate the wear of friction pairs, deteriorate lubricating properties, and reduce the overall reliability of power units. Existing maintenance regulations do not consider real operating conditions, which creates the need for inter-schedule monitoring of oil condition – possible only through technical measurements and digital analysis of degradation parameters. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology and conduct experiments to determine the resource indicators of engine oil based on color change using colorimetric equipment equipped with mechatronic system elements. The study is based on comparing the color of fresh oil with that of oil after operational wear. RGB/HSL colorimetry tools and statistical processing were applied. A laboratory setup was developed based on the STM32H747XI microcontroller and the TCS3472 color sensor, enabling the detection of oil color changes and evaluation of its degradation linked to engine operating hours. Calibration was performed between reference samples and boundary conditions corresponding to the full service interval. The investigation of VAG Special G 5W-40 engine oil (BSE engine) over 400 engine hours demonstrated a stable functional dependence between impurity saturation and engine runtime. The average increase in contamination confirmed a reliable correlation between color variation and actual wear of friction components. The proposed methodology enables inter-schedule monitoring of engine oil condition and prediction of optimal replacement timing based on real operating conditions. The practical significance of the study lies in the increased reliability of ICE, reduced maintenance costs, and prevention of premature equipment failures. The proposed mechatronic colorimetric system can be integrated into service centers and precision farming systems as a component of digital diagnostics of machine technical condition.