This review presents a modern comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of carbon materials for the sorption of gases. The main classes of carbon sorbents are considered as follows: nanotubes, activated carbon, graphene, fullerene, composite materials, and organic vapors. Modern methods of modification of carbon materials are systematized. Particular attention is paid to the effect of particle size, morphology, and porous structure on the kinetics and equilibrium characteristics of adsorption. The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the adsorption of the gases (CO₂, SO₂, NO_x, H₂S, NH₃, and CO) are analyzed. A comparative economic analysis of carbon materials is carried out, taking into account the cost of production and estimated costs of modification. Modern areas of application of carbon sorbents are analyzed as follows: industrial gas purification, automotive filters, air conditioning systems, personal protective equipment, and gas sensors. Particular attention is paid to the study of the prospects and future of materials. Prospective development directions are considered, including the creation of hierarchically porous structures, the development of self-healing materials, and integration with artificial intelligence to optimize adsorption processes. The cost of graphene and nanotube production is predicted to decrease by 50–70% by 2030, which will lead to an expansion of their commercial application.

Austenitic stainless steels serve as load-bearing structural materials in the divertor and vacuum vessel components of fusion devices, where they are shielded from the plasma by beryllium or tungsten. Local loss of that armour layer during off-normal events exposes the underlying steel to direct plasma contact, a condition for which surface degradation data remain limited. In this work, 08Cr16Ni11Mo3Ti (analog of 316 Ti) austenitic stainless steel was irradiated with helium plasma at 2 keV ion energy and specimen temperatures of 250, 400, and 550 °C for exposures of 500 and 5000 s. Surface degradation depended strongly on the irradiation conditions; temperature appeared to be the dominant factor, although it co-varied with the ion flux: exposure at 250 °C produced no resolvable change in surface relief, whereas grain-boundary etching appeared at 400 °C and gave way at 550 °C to pronounced preferential sputtering that exposed grains, twin boundaries, and subgrain cellular structure. Mass-loss measurements indicate removal of approximately 3.4 µm after 5000 s at 550 °C, corresponding to a mean erosion rate of ~0.7 nm/s. Microhardness increased by 30–40 HV 0.05 after 500 s at all three temperatures and remained at a similar level after 5000 s at 400 and 550 °C, whereas an unexplained decrease below the unirradiated value was found at 250 °C. The results indicate that under sustained low-energy plasma exposure, the structural integrity of the section is retained while degradation is confined to a surface layer whose properties are tailored by the balance between implantation and erosion.

Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in oil production, transportation, and refining, where crude oil–brine emulsions complicate electrochemical testing because of their heterogeneity and low conductivity. This study examined the use of Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to assess mild steel corrosion in brine and crude oil–brine emulsions in the presence of Nalco EC 1010B and Scimol OR 2001. Emulsions with a continuous conductive phase were tested directly, whereas the brine phase of reverse emulsions was separated before measurement. In brine, both inhibitors provided more than 80% protection at a concentration of 20 mg/L. At this concentration, corrosion rates in the inhibited direct emulsion and the brine phase separated from the reverse emulsion were approximately 0.20–0.25 mm/year, comparable to those in inhibited brine under similar conditions. In stable emulsions, the surfactant also affected steel corrosion, complicating the assessment of inhibitor performance. These results indicate that measurements in brine can guide the selection of inhibitor concentrations for direct and reverse emulsions under the conditions investigated.