Polymicrobial mastitis is now becoming very common in dairy animals, resulting in exaggerated resistance to multiple antibiotics. The current study was executed to find drug responses in individual and mixed Culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial potential of tungsten oxide nanoparticles. These isolates (alone and in mixed culture) were further processed for their responses to antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. On the other hand, tungsten oxide WO₃ (W) nanoparticles coupled with antibiotics (ampicillin, A, and oxytetracycline, O) were prepared through the chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible techniques. The preparations consisting of nanoparticles alone (W) and coupled with ampicillin (WA) and oxytetracycline (WO) were tested against individual and mixed Culture through the well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The findings of the current study showed the highest resistance in E. coli was against penicillin (60%) and ampicillin (50%), while amikacin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline were the most effective antibiotics. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against penicillin (50%), oxytetracycline (40%), and ciprofloxacin (40%), while, except for ampicillin, the sensitive strains of S. aureus were in the range of 40–60% against the rest of antibiotics. The highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) against mixed Culture were shown by imipenem and ampicillin, whereas the highest percentage decrease in ZOI was noted in cases of ciprofloxacin (−240%) and gentamicin (−119.4%) in comparison to individual Culture of S. aureus and E. coli. It was noteworthy that the increase in ZOI was not more than 38% against mixed Culture as compared to the individual Culture. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics compared to nanoparticles alone for individual and mixed-culture bacteria, while MICs in the case of mixed Culture remained consistently high throughout the trial. This study therefore concluded that diverse drug resistance was present in both individual and mixed-culture bacteria, whereas the application of tungsten oxide nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics proved to be an effective candidate in reversing the drug resistance in bacterial strains.

Background Kell is highly immunogenic after ABO and Rh blood group system, and anti-Kell antibodies have been linked to hemolytic transfusion reaction and fetal hemolytic disease in newborns. The antithetic KEL1/KEL2, KEL3/KEL4, and KEL6/KEL7 antigens are expressed in the Kell blood group system. At least 36 antigens are carried on a single 93 kDa red-cell trans-membrane protein in the Kell blood system. This study aimed to review different literature on the kell blood group and associated phenotypes and to find out the epidemiology and frequency of different Kell antigens all over the world. Methods Epidemiological studies of Kell antigens (2000 to 2022) were extracted to capture all reported data of different kell genotypes/phenotypes from different populations. Different databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, Scopus, and Science Direct were accessed to download all the published data reporting different percentages of kell antigens. Results A total of 250 research papers and articles were downloaded; 60 studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of the research studies consisted of KEL1/KEL2, KEL3/ KEL4, and KEL6/KEL7. According to this meta-analysis, the prevalence of KEL1 and KEL3 are lower than KEL2 (100%) and KEL4 (100%). In all captured studies the prevalence of KEL1 ranged from 0 to 23.6%, KEL2 from 0 to 100%, KEL3 from 0 to 11.7%, KEL4 100%, KEL5 0%, KEL6 100%, and KEL7 was 97.31%. Discussion This is the first meta-analysis to check the occurrence of Kell blood antigens frequency and the spectrum of variants associated with it in populations of the world. This review will help to identify which is the common antigen of the Kell blood group system and how it can affect the person by disease associated with it.

Metallic nanoparticles exist in significant diversity in structure and function with particular context to the safer use in biological sciences. The antibacterial properties of nanoparticles are attributed to the mechanisms, including but not limited to the generation of reactive oxygen species, direct damage to the cellular contents, disrupting cell wall integrity, and inhibiting efflux pumps. These mechanisms along with those of the antibiotics may potentiate resistance modulation of pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate tungsten oxide (WO ₃ ) nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics for their structural and functional characteristics, safety profile in terms of genotoxicity, and antibacterial potential against drug resistant S. aureus and E. coli of Houbara bustard birds. The WO ₃ nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method while antibiotics were coupled by the chemical reduction method furnishing seven treatments as non-coupled tungsten oxide (WO ₃ ) nanoparticles (W), and WO ₃ nanoparticle-coupled with; ciprofloxacin (CW), oxytetracycline (OW), ampicillin (AW), ciprofloxacin+ penicillin (CPW), oxytetracycline+ penicillin (OPW), and ampicillin+ ciprofloxacin (ACW). X-ray diffraction studies indicated that WO ₃ was highly crystalline, and FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups like W═O, O–W–O, and W–O–O–W, validating the successful synthesis of WO ₃ nanoparticles through hydrothermal method. Phenotypic antibacterial expression in terms of zone of inhibition of treatments at 100 and 10 µg/mL was found to be higher in the case of AW and CW, respectively, against E. coli; CW and ACW against S. aureus; and CW at both concentrations against the mixed bacterial culture of S. aureus and E coli . Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both S. aureus and E. coli , in case of CW, was found to be 20.84 ± 8.07 µg/mL, while AW showed 26.04 ± 9.02 µg/mL against mixed bacterial culture. Safety profiles of nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics, on the other hand, revealed moderate to lower genotoxicity in the form of DNA damage on onion cells in dose and time-dependent manner. The study thus concluded that tungsten oxide nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics were potential antibacterial candidates against enteric pathogens of Houbara bustard birds but requires careful dose optimization as a crucial step for biosafety profiles of WO ₃ -based therapeutic formulations.