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Isabel Metz
Institute of Flight Guidance, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Aerospace
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Bird strike prevention in civil aviation has traditionally focused on the airport perimeter. Since the risk of especially damaging bird strikes outside the airport boundaries is rising, this paper investigates the safety potential of operational bird strike prevention involving pilots and controllers. In such a concept, controllers would be equipped with a bird strike advisory system, allowing them to delay departures which are most vulnerable to the consequences of bird strikes in case of high bird strike risk. An initial study has shown the strong potential of the concept to prevent bird strikes in case of perfect bird movement prediction. This paper takes the research to the next level by taking into account the limited predictability of bird tracks. As such, the collision avoidance algorithm is extended to a bird strike risk algorithm. The risk of bird strikes is calculated for birds expected to cross the extended runway center line and to cause aircraft damage upon impact. By specifically targeting these birds and excluding birds lingering on the runway which are taken care of by the local wildlife control, capacity reductions should be limited, and the implementation remain feasible. The extrapolation of bird tracks is performed by simple linear regression based on the bird positions known at the intended take-off times. To calculate the probability of collision, uncertainties resulting from variability in bird velocity and track are included. The study demonstrates the necessity to limit alerts to potentially damaging strikes with birds crossing the extended runway center line to keep the imposed delays tolerable for airports operating at their capacity limits. It is shown that predicting bird movements based on simple linear regression without considering individual bird behavior is insufficient to achieve a safety-effect. Hence, in-depth studies of multi-year bird data to develop bird behavior models and reliable predictions are recommended for future research. This is expected to facilitate the implementation of a bird strike advisory system satisfying both safety and capacity aspects.

ACS Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Jacco M. Hoekstra. Analysis of Risk-Based Operational Bird Strike Prevention. Aerospace 2021, 8, 32 .

AMA Style

Isabel C. Metz, Joost Ellerbroek, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Dirk Kügler, Jacco M. Hoekstra. Analysis of Risk-Based Operational Bird Strike Prevention. Aerospace. 2021; 8 (2):32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Jacco M. Hoekstra. 2021. "Analysis of Risk-Based Operational Bird Strike Prevention." Aerospace 8, no. 2: 32.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2021 in Aerospace
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Involving air traffic controllers and pilots into the bird strike prevention process is considered an essential step to increase aviation and avian safety. Prior to implementing operational measures such as real-time warning systems, it is vital to evaluate their feasibility. This paper studies the efficacy of a bird strike advisory system for air traffic control. In addition to the potential safety benefit, the possible impact on airport operations is analyzed. To this end, a previously developed collision avoidance algorithm underlying the system was tested in fast-time Monte Carlo simulations involving various air traffic and bird densities to obtain representative conclusions for different operational conditions. The results demonstrate the strong safety potential of operational bird strike prevention in case of precise bird movement prediction. Unless airports operate close to their capacity limits while bird abundance is high, the induced delays remain tolerable. Prioritization of hazardous strikes involving large individuals as well as flocks of birds are expected to support operational feasibility in all conditions.

ACS Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Stefan Kern; Jacco M. Hoekstra. The Efficacy of Operational Bird Strike Prevention. Aerospace 2021, 8, 17 .

AMA Style

Isabel C. Metz, Joost Ellerbroek, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Dirk Kügler, Stefan Kern, Jacco M. Hoekstra. The Efficacy of Operational Bird Strike Prevention. Aerospace. 2021; 8 (1):17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Stefan Kern; Jacco M. Hoekstra. 2021. "The Efficacy of Operational Bird Strike Prevention." Aerospace 8, no. 1: 17.

Review
Published: 13 March 2020 in Aerospace
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Collisions between birds and aircraft pose a severe threat to aviation and avian safety. To understand and prevent these bird strikes, knowledge about the factors leading to these bird strikes is vital. However, even though it is a global issue, data availability strongly varies and is difficult to put into a global picture. This paper aims to close this gap by providing an in-depth review of studies and statistics to obtain a concise overview of the bird strike problem in commercial aviation on an international level. The paper illustrates the factors contributing to the occurrence and the potential consequences in terms of effect on flight and damage. This is followed by a presentation of the risk-reducing measures currently in place as well as their limitations. The paper closes with an insight into current research investigating novel methods to prevent bird strikes.

ACS Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Jacco M. Hoekstra. The Bird Strike Challenge. Aerospace 2020, 7, 26 .

AMA Style

Isabel C. Metz, Joost Ellerbroek, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Dirk Kügler, Jacco M. Hoekstra. The Bird Strike Challenge. Aerospace. 2020; 7 (3):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel C. Metz; Joost Ellerbroek; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Dirk Kügler; Jacco M. Hoekstra. 2020. "The Bird Strike Challenge." Aerospace 7, no. 3: 26.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2018 in Aerospace
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Annually, thousands of birds collide with aircraft. The impact usually has lethal consequences for the bird, the involved aircraft can experience severe damage. The highest bird strike risk occurs at low altitudes. Therefore, aircraft within the airport area as well as the adjacent approach and departure corridors are especially vulnerable to collisions with birds. To analyse risk-reducing measures in these areas, a fast-time bird strike simulation environment was developed. An open-source Air Traffic Management simulator was enhanced with a model to represent bird movements and to recognize bird strikes. To confirm the reproducibility of the outcome, Monte Carlo simulations were performed. They included bird movement data from one year and air traffic flight plans for various air traffic volumes. The number of strikes and near misses showed an expected variance within the individual replications. The results indicate that the predictability of the number of strikes and near misses increases with rising number of birds, and rising air traffic intensity. Thus, by considering simulation scenarios including bird movement information from all seasons and a sufficient air traffic volume, the described set-up leads to stable results.

ACS Style

Isabel C. Metz; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Joost Ellerbroek; Dirk Kügler; Hans Van Gasteren; Jan Kraemer; Jacco M. Hoekstra. Simulation Model to Calculate Bird-Aircraft Collisions and Near Misses in the Airport Vicinity. Aerospace 2018, 5, 112 .

AMA Style

Isabel C. Metz, Thorsten Mühlhausen, Joost Ellerbroek, Dirk Kügler, Hans Van Gasteren, Jan Kraemer, Jacco M. Hoekstra. Simulation Model to Calculate Bird-Aircraft Collisions and Near Misses in the Airport Vicinity. Aerospace. 2018; 5 (4):112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel C. Metz; Thorsten Mühlhausen; Joost Ellerbroek; Dirk Kügler; Hans Van Gasteren; Jan Kraemer; Jacco M. Hoekstra. 2018. "Simulation Model to Calculate Bird-Aircraft Collisions and Near Misses in the Airport Vicinity." Aerospace 5, no. 4: 112.

Conference paper
Published: 10 June 2016 in AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference
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The BlueSky Open Air Tra_c Simulator developed by the Control & Simulation section of TU Delft aims at supporting research for analysing Air Tra_c Management concepts by providing an open source simulation platform. The goal of this study was to complement BlueSky with aircraft performance models in order to enable performance- related Air Tra_c Management studies. The aircraft performance model developed within this work consists of a kinetic Flight Dynamics Model, which stores the required performance characteristics in a database with type-speci_c aircraft and engine coe_- cients. Currently, sixteen commercial turbofan and turboprop aircraft from di_erent range and weight categories are represented. To evaluate the quality of the aircraft per- formance model, its outputs were compared to results from literature as well as from real ights. It was found that the applied methodologies for the determination of air- craft performance accurately model high-speed drag polars as well as fuel consumption for cruising and taxiing aircraft. The fuel consumption model of climbing and descend- ing aircraft, however, leaves room for improvement. Possible strategies for obtaining a more precise estimation of fuel burn over the entire ight are recommended based on the results of this study. With this work, the BlueSky Open Air Tra_c Simulator considers individual aircraft performance. This is an important step in the creation of an open simulation platform for Air Tra_c Management research

ACS Style

Isabel Metz; Jacco Hoekstra; Joost Ellerbroek; Dirk Kuegler. Aircraft Performance for Open Air Traffic Simulations. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Isabel Metz, Jacco Hoekstra, Joost Ellerbroek, Dirk Kuegler. Aircraft Performance for Open Air Traffic Simulations. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference. 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel Metz; Jacco Hoekstra; Joost Ellerbroek; Dirk Kuegler. 2016. "Aircraft Performance for Open Air Traffic Simulations." AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference , no. : 1.