This study compared in vitro the anastomosis cleaning efficacy of different irrigant activation techniques at different levels; control group non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using Irrisafe, and EDDY sonic activation. Sixty anastomosis-containing mesial roots of mandibular molars were mounted in resin, sectioned at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the apex. Then reassembled and instrumented in a copper cube. For the irrigation technique roots were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20): group 1: NA, group 2: Irrisafe, group 3: EDDY. Stereomicroscopic images of anastomoses were taken after instrumentation and after irrigant activation. ImageJ program was used to calculate the percentage of anastomosis cleanliness. The percentage of cleanliness was calculated before and after final irrigation within each group and were then compared using paired t-tests. Intergroup and intragroup analyses were performed to compare between different activation techniques at the same root canal level (2, 4 and 6 mm) (intergroup) and to evaluate if each technique had different cleanliness efficacy according to the root canal level (intragroup) using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests (p < 0.05). All three irrigation techniques significantly improved anastomosis cleanliness (p < 0.001). Both activation techniques were significantly better than the control group at all levels. Intergroup comparison revealed that EDDY significantly achieved the best overall anastomosis cleanliness. The difference between EDDY and Irrisafe was significant in favor to EDDY at 2 mm and insignificant at 4 and 6 mm. The intragroup comparison showed that improvement in anastomosis cleanliness (i2-i1) in the needle irrigation without activation group (NA) was significantly higher in the apical 2 mm level compared to the 4 & 6 levels. While the difference in anastomosis cleanliness improvement (i2-i1) between levels in both Irrisafe and EDDY groups was insignificant. Irrigant activation improves anastomosis cleanliness. EDDY was the most efficient in cleaning anastomoses located in the critical apical part of the root canal. Cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system followed by apical and coronal sealing is the key for healing or prevention of apical periodontitis. Remnants of debris and microorganisms retained within the anastomoses (isthmuses), or other root canal irregularities may lead to persistent apical periodontitis. Proper irrigation and activation are essential for cleaning root canal anastomoses.

Background: Ionizing radiation is extensively used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes,particularly in dental procedures. Dentists, therefore, belong to occupational groups chronicallyexposed to ionizing radiation.Objective(s): This study aims to assess dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regardingradiation safety.Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 271 dentists workingat the Medical Complex Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry at Suez Canal University, and various privateclinics and centers in Ismailia City, Egypt. Participants were selected through convenience sampling,and data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire.Results: Among the participants, 53% were female, and 44.3% were aged between 25 and 34 years.In terms of knowledge, 73.1% demonstrated good understanding of radiation safety. Regardingattitudes, 57.9% disagreed that radiation safety policies and procedures were clear andunderstandable. Concerning practices, 43.9% reported conducting periodic maintenance of X-rayequipment, 53.5% confirmed performing annual maintenance on X-ray machines, and 33.2% had aradiation safety manual in their practice. Additionally, 49.1% reported usually standing behind a leadbarrier during X-ray exposure, 38% frequently used lead aprons, and about half maintained a distanceof 6 feet from the X-ray beam during exposure.Conclusion: Approximately 75% of the dentists surveyed had good knowledge of radiation hazardsand safety. However, the findings indicate gaps in certain areas of knowledge and practice, withmany dentists expressing concerns about the clarity of safety measures at their workplaces. Given thecontinuous exposure to radiation in their profession, it is recommended to implement a mandatory,ongoing education program for dentists focusing on radiation hazards and the latest safety protocols.