This study evaluated physicochemical properties of bleaching agents incorporated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, and the effects on tooth color change at different periods. 40 premolars were treated according to the following groups (n=10): CP - 10% carbamide peroxide (1 hour daily/21 days); CPN - CP incorporated into TiO2; HP - 40% hydrogen peroxide (three 40-minute sessions/7 days apart); HPN - HP incorporated into TiO2. Color shade was evaluated at five different periods (baseline, after 7, 14 and 21 days of bleaching, and 7 days after end of treatment) according to Vita Classical, CIELab and CIEDE2000 scales. Mean particle size (P), polydispersity (PO) and zeta potential (ZP) were evaluated using dynamic light scattering. Data on the different variables were analyzed by mixed model tests for measures repeated in time (ZP e L*), generalized linear models for measures repeated in time (P, PO, Vita Classical and b*), and Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests (a* and color change/ΔE and ΔE00). CP and CPN presented higher P, higher PO and lower ZP than HP and HPN (p≤0.05). All groups showed a significant decrease in Vita Classical color scores after 7 days of bleaching (p0.05) in bleaching time. A significant reduction occurred in the a* and b* values for all the groups, and HPN presented lower a* and b* values (p<0.05) than CPN. ΔE was clinically noticeable after 7 days, in all groups, and all groups resulted in a perceptible color change according to ΔE00. TiO2 did not influence physicochemical properties of the bleaching agents. HPN presented more effective tooth bleaching than CPN.

This study evaluated the pharmacological effect of the association of crude extract from the fruits of Pterodon pubescens (Pp) with the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea (Cv) in antinociception and anti-inflammatory experimental models. The effective doses of each extract and the combinations used in the associations of extracts were defined by acetic acid-induced writhing test. The separate extracts were also evaluated on formalin test. Interaction between extracts was assessed by isobologram method. The effects of different concentrations of associations (A_50, A₁₀₀ and A₂₀₀) were evaluated on formalin test, tail flick and hot plate. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in paw edema induced by carrageenan and PGE2, carrageenan-induced peritonitis and mechanical allodynia induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). The associations were markedly synergistic, as assessed using isobolographic analyses. On formalin and on acetic acid-induced writhing tests, associations demonstrated greater efficacy when compared to extracts separately. In paw edema models, significant reductions of edema were observed. On mechanical allodynia induced by CFA, associations were effective at acute phase with pronounced effect at chronic phase. The associations were not effective in hot plate, tail flick and carrageenan-induced peritonitis tests. Phytochemical analysis by HPLC-DAD and FID showed important concentrations of α-Humulene, trans-Caryophyllene, geranylgeraniol, isomers 6α-hydroxy-7β-acetoxy-vouacapan-17βoate methyl ester and 6α-acetoxy-7β-hydroxy-vouacapan-17β-oate methyl ester (compounds m/z 404) and 6α,7β-dihydroxyvouacapan-17β-oate methyl ester (m/z 362). These findings demonstrate that the associations promote synergistic antinociceptive effect and important anti-inflammatory activities, especially on chronic inflammation conditions, at lower doses than the separate crude extracts, without demonstrating side effects, probably acting in different pharmacological receptors. The inhibition of inflammation suggests a relationship with inflammatory mediators and PGE₂ pathway and might be exploited to achieve greater anti-inflammatory efficacy, being considered as a potential phytotherapy.

Green tea catechins are bioactive polyphenol compounds which have attracted significant attention for their diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. Notably, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has emerged as a potent apoptosis inducer through mechanisms involving caspase activation, modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, disruption of survival signaling pathways and by regulating the redox balance, inducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that green tea catechins can modulate epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. In addition to their apoptotic actions, ROS signaling effects and reversal of epigenetic alterations, green tea catechins have shown promising results in promoting the differentiation of leukemia cells. This review highlights the comprehensive actions of green tea catechins and provides valuable insights from clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of green tea catechins in leukemia treatment. Understanding these multifaceted mechanisms and the outcomes of clinical trials may pave the way for the development of innovative strategies and the integration of green tea catechins into clinical practice for improving leukemia patient outcomes.