Introduction and purpose of research With the surge of popularity of energy drinks, a growing trend of mixing alcohol with energy drinks (AmED) has been observed, particularly among youth and young adults. This review aims to explore both the mechanism of action of this mixture as well as its short- and long-term effects. Research Materials and Methods A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database to identify studies on the health effects of alcohol mixed with energy drinks. The search included keywords such as “alcohol mixed with energy drinks”, "alcohol AND energy drinks" and "AmED AND health effects". Basic results Studies consistently report an association between AmED consumption and an increased risk of cardiovascular, mental, and kidney diseases, binge drinking and risky behaviors more frequently than those who consume alcohol alone. A common effect among AmED consumers is “false sobriety”, a phenomenon where individuals feel less intoxicated despite consuming high amounts of alcohol. However, due to the limited number of controlled human studies, the precise physiological and molecular interactions between caffeine and alcohol still remain unclear. Conclusions The ban on pre-mixed AmED products has not yet yielded satisfactory results. Therefore, governments should explore alternative measures, such as stricter regulations on marketing and sales or public awareness campaigns. This article highlights the issue of mixing alcohol with energy drinks, examining physiological effects, potential health risks, and broader societal impacts. With the growing popularity of this practice, our study emphasizes the need for continued research to guide effective prevention strategies and public health actions.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) antigens is a crucial component of the cellular immune response presented during tuberculosis infection. This reaction is driven primarily by T lymphocytes, which recognize mycobacterial antigens and trigger a focused inflammatory cascade. Cytokines produced by T lymphocytes stimulate the formation of granulomas, organized structures that help contain the bacteria and prevent their spread. DTH is essential for controlling the infection and forms the basis of diagnostic tools, including the still widely practiced tuberculin skin test despite its limitations. This immunological mechanism is also used as an important therapeutic target in the treatment of tuberculosis by modulating the cellular response. These approaches include immunomodulatory agents, therapeutic vaccines and host-directed treatment. Ongoing research offers promising opportunities for future interventions aimed at decreasing the global mortality associated with tuberculosis.

BackgroundIntermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary pattern based on alternating fasting and feeding periods. It is gaining attention for its potential effects on sleep, health, and well-being. Current evidence on these links remains limited and inconsistent. ObjectiveTo analyze and synthesize existing studies on intermittent fasting and evaluate its potential impact on sleep outcomes and overall well-being, including possible underlying mechanisms. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 were reviewed. Keywords included: circadian rhythm, intermittent fasting, sleep, quality of life. ResultsIntermittent fasting shows small but noticeable improvements in perceived well-being, including better mood, reduced inflammation, and enhanced cognitive functioning. Its effects on sleep remain modest and inconsistent: some studies report slight improvements in subjective sleep quality, while objective measures reveal minimal or no change, with occasional worsening of sleep efficiency. In terms of health, IF supports metabolic regulation by improving insulin sensitivity, glucose control, and lipid profile. ConclusionsIntermittent fasting appears to exert variable effects on sleep and well-being and also supports metabolic health and weight control. Current research is not yet sufficient to define clear clinical guidance. IF may benefit some individuals, although its safety and effectiveness vary. More long-term, well-designed studies are needed to identify protocols that provide meaningful benefits with minimal risk.