Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most significant diseases affecting the global swine industry, characterized by reproductive failure and late-term abortion in sows and respiratory diseases in all age of pigs

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important enteric diarrheal pathogens commonly found in various animals and humans and have significant implications for public health. The purpose of present study was to investigate the prevalence, species and genotypes and zoonotic evaluation of the two parasitic pathogens in dogs and cats in Wenzhou, southern of China. Methods: 89 fecal samples collected from 51 dogs and 38 cats were used to investigate the positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi using the nested polymerase chain reaction amplification on methods, species and genotypes of them were conformed by sequencing and alignment. Result: The positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were 7.8%(4/51), 17.6%(9/51) in dogs and 7.9%(3/38) ,10.5%(4/38) in cats, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that Cryptosporidium canis, genotypes PtEb IX, CD9 and NED3 of E. bieneusi were confirmed in dogs, Cryptosporidium felis, Type IV in cats, respectively. C canis, C. felis and Type IV of E. bieneusi genotype belong to the zoonotic pathogens.The zoonotic species/genotype of these two pathogens identified in pets in this study indicated the potential zoonotic risk in pets-to- humans transmission. The effective interventions should be taken to prevent the spread of these enteric zoonotic pathogens.

Pigeon Newcastle disease poses a persistent threat to the global pigeon industry, underscoring the need for effective vaccination strategies. While both inactivated and DNA vaccines offer distinct advantages, the immunogenicity of a combined heterologous regimen remains underexplored. This study evaluated and compared three immunization strategies in pigeons: a DNA vaccine encoding the NDV F protein fused with chicken IL-18, an inactivated vaccine from a local virulent strain, and a DNA prime-inactivated boost regimen. The preparation workflows for both vaccine platforms are described in detail to provide methodological context for the immunological comparison. Critically, the prime–boost regimen elicited significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers than either vaccine administered alone, demonstrating a clear synergistic effect. These findings highlight the complementary roles of the two platforms and provide a strong immunological rationale for further evaluation of this sequential strategy. Future studies incorporating viral challenge experiments and long-term immune monitoring are needed to determine whether the enhanced HI antibody response translates into protective efficacy under field conditions.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a major zoonotic pathogen causing human microsporidiosis, with small ruminants serving as crucial reservoir hosts. Hu sheep and local goats are pillar livestock breeds in Zhejiang Province, yet no parallel comparative epidemiological data on E. bieneusi exist for sympatric small ruminants in southern Zhejiang, and the infection status in Hu sheep remains entirely uncharacterized. Here, a total of 297 fecal samples (159 Hu sheep, 138 goats) were collected from four administrative regions in southern Zhejiang from 2021 to 2023 and screened via nested PCR targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the E. bieneusi genome. Overall, the total E. bieneusi prevalence reached 18.18%, and Hu sheep exhibited a significantly higher infection rate (24.53%, 39/159) than sympatric goats (10.87%, 15/138; χ² = 9.27, p = 0.002). Obvious geographical and age-dependent disparities were observed in Hu sheep, with pre-weaning lambs (1 year) had the lowest rate (4.48%). No significant age or regional differences were detected in goats. Five genotypes were identified from Hu sheep: CM7 (n = 25), BEB6 (n = 10), CHG1 (n = 2), Type IV (n = 1), and CHG5 (n = 1). Five genotypes were detected from goats: CHG1 (n = 9), BEB6 (n = 3), Type IV (n = 1), CHG3 (n = 1), and CYG-2 (n = 1). BEB6, Type IV, and CHG1 were shared by both hosts. All genotypes belonged to zoonotic Group 1 and Group 2. This study provides the first systematic parallel survey of E. bieneusi in sympatric Hu sheep and goats in eastern China. It identifies distinct host-specific infection patterns potentially associated with divergent rearing systems, provides molecular data consistent with potential inter-species circulation and shared environmental exposure, and highlights the need for breed-tailored biosecurity strategies within a One Health framework.