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Gao Lijie
Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China

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Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Energies
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As the most basic unit of the national economy and administrative management, the low-carbon transformation of the vast counties is of great significance to China’s overall greenhouse gas emission reduction. Although the low-carbon evaluation (LCE) indicator system and benchmarks have been extensively studied, most benchmarks ignore the needs of the evaluated object at the development stage. When the local economy develops to a certain level, it may be restricted by static low-carbon target constraints. This study reviews the relevant research on LCE indicator system and benchmarks based on convergence. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), a dynamic benchmark system for per capita carbon emissions (PCCEs), is proposed for low-carbon counties. Taking Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China as an example, a dynamic benchmark for PCCEs was established by benchmarking the Carbon Kuznets Curve (CKC) of best practices. Based on the principles of best practice, comparability, data completeness, and the CKC hypothesis acceptance, the best practice database is screened, and Singapore is selected as a potential benchmark. By constructing an econometric model to conduct an empirical study on Singapore’s CKC hypothesis, the regression results of the least squares method support the CKC hypothesis and its rationality as a benchmark. The result of the PCCE benchmarks of Changxing County show that when the per capita income of Changxing County in 2025, 2030, and 2035 reaches USD 19,172.92, USD 24,483.01, and USD 29,366.11, respectively, the corresponding benchmarks should be 14.95 tons CO2/person, 14.70 tons CO2/person, and 13.55 tons CO2/person. For every 1% increase in the county’s per capita income, the PCCE allowable room for growth is 17.6453%. The turning point is when the per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) is USD 20,843.23 and the PCCE is 15.03 tons of CO2/person, which will occur between 2025 and 2030. Prior to this, the PCCE benchmark increases with the increase of PCGDP. After that, the PCCE benchmark decreases with the increase of PCGDP. The system is economically sensitive, adaptable to different development stages, and enriches the methodology of low-carbon indicator evaluation and benchmark setting at the county scale. It can provide scientific basis for Chinese county decision makers to formulate reasonable targets under the management idea driven by evaluation indicators and emission reduction targets and help counties explore the coordinated paths of economic development and emission reduction in different development stages. It has certain reference significance for other developing regions facing similar challenges of economic development and low-carbon transformation to Changxing County to formulate scientific and reasonable low-carbon emission reduction targets.

ACS Style

Lijie Gao; Xiaoqi Shang; Fengmei Yang; Longyu Shi. A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China. Energies 2021, 14, 599 .

AMA Style

Lijie Gao, Xiaoqi Shang, Fengmei Yang, Longyu Shi. A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lijie Gao; Xiaoqi Shang; Fengmei Yang; Longyu Shi. 2021. "A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China." Energies 14, no. 3: 599.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Pollutants discharged from irrational energy consumption pose a serious threat to urban ecological security. The Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone is an important part of China’s coastal economy. With the rapid development of the economy in this area, the atmospheric environmental pollution problem, caused by energy consumption, has become increasingly serious. Therefore, the study of the environmental impact assessment of air pollution in the Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone has reference value to prevent ecological risks. This paper constructed a regional-scale environmental impact assessment model that includes pollution sources, pollution stress, and evaluation results, and evaluated the environmental impact of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 from three perspectives: regional integration, different energy consumption sectors, and different cities. The results showed that the regional environmental impact level of the research area was high, and the main pollutants transformed from SO2 to NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 from 2008 to 2016. According to the results of different sectors, the transportation sector contributes the most to NO2 and remains unchanged, and the industrial sector contributes the most to SO2, PM10, and PM2.5. Combined with the research results of different cities, cities concentrated in the coastal areas contribute more pollution than other cities do.

ACS Style

Miao Zhang; Longyu Shi; Xiaofei Ma; Yang Zhao; Lijie Gao. Study on Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Impact of Air Pollution. Sustainability 2021, 13, 476 .

AMA Style

Miao Zhang, Longyu Shi, Xiaofei Ma, Yang Zhao, Lijie Gao. Study on Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Impact of Air Pollution. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miao Zhang; Longyu Shi; Xiaofei Ma; Yang Zhao; Lijie Gao. 2021. "Study on Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Impact of Air Pollution." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 476.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Energies
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The regional allocation of carbon emission quotas is of great significance to realize the carbon emission target. Basing on the combination of the multi-index method and the improved equal-proportion distribution method, and fully considering the differences in economic factors, population factors, energy factors, technological factors among cities, China’s 2030 carbon intensity reduction target was allocated. The results indicate that: (1) Under the target constraint of 60% reduction in CO2 emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (carbon intensity) in 2030 compared to 2005, the carbon intensity target reduction rate (CITRR) of 285 Chinese cities is between 17.65% and 141.14%, with an average reduction rate of 51.52%; (2) the CITRR of cities presents significant spatial positive correlation, and the Global Moran I correlation index is 0.38; and (3) the distribution trend of CITRR is the same as the general trend of economic development of China, showing a basic trend of gradual decline from south to north and from coastal to inland. The allocation method takes into account fairness and efficiency, and reflects the differences between cities, so that the allocation results are likely to be accepted by all parties. Meanwhile, this method breaks the limitation of the lack of city’s data and is likely to implement in actual operation. Cities should choose distinguished low-carbon economic development paths, in combination with their characteristics of economic and social development, and carry out inter-city cooperation to promote carbon emission reduction steadily.

ACS Style

Longyu Shi; Fengmei Yang; Lijie Gao. The Allocation of Carbon Intensity Reduction Target by 2030 among Cities in China. Energies 2020, 13, 6006 .

AMA Style

Longyu Shi, Fengmei Yang, Lijie Gao. The Allocation of Carbon Intensity Reduction Target by 2030 among Cities in China. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):6006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longyu Shi; Fengmei Yang; Lijie Gao. 2020. "The Allocation of Carbon Intensity Reduction Target by 2030 among Cities in China." Energies 13, no. 22: 6006.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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A comprehensive evaluation including residents’ physical, psychological and cultural perceptions of their community can better guiding initiatives to improve community construction. Landsenses ecology is an emerging discipline which emphasizes the combination of the environment and human’s subjective perceptions and provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive assessment of the perceptions of community residents. In this study, a three-level evaluation system of residents’ perceptions was constructed based on landsenses ecology and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, including physical perceptions (1st level), psychological perceptions (2nd level), and cultural perceptions (3rd level). Additionally, a comprehensive perception index was established based on a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. By evaluating the residents’ perceptions of five typical communities in the city of Xiamen, China, it was found that the cultural perceptions of residents had significantly lower index scores than their physical and psychological perceptions, that is, the higher the perception level is, the more difficult it is to realize the residents’ demands. The results conform to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the proposed perception levels based on landsenses ecology and verify the rationality of the present method for evaluating the residents’ perceptions of their community. These findings could provide a scientific basis for community planning and management.

ACS Style

Han Linwei; Shi Longyu; Yang Fengmei; Xiang Xue-Qin; Gao Lijie. Method for the evaluation of residents’ perceptions of their community based on landsenses ecology. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 281, 124048 .

AMA Style

Han Linwei, Shi Longyu, Yang Fengmei, Xiang Xue-Qin, Gao Lijie. Method for the evaluation of residents’ perceptions of their community based on landsenses ecology. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 281 ():124048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Han Linwei; Shi Longyu; Yang Fengmei; Xiang Xue-Qin; Gao Lijie. 2020. "Method for the evaluation of residents’ perceptions of their community based on landsenses ecology." Journal of Cleaner Production 281, no. : 124048.

Review
Published: 13 December 2019 in Sustainability
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Sustainable development (SD) has become a fundamental strategy to guide the world’s social and economic transformation. However, in the process of practice, there are still misinterpretations in regards to the theory of SD. Such misinterpretations are highlighted in the struggle between strong and weak sustainable development paths, and the confusion of the concept of intra-generational and inter-generational justice. In this paper, the literature survey method, induction method, and normative analysis were adopted to clarify the gradual evolution and improvement process of the concept and objective of SD, to strengthen the comprehensive understanding of the SD theory. Moreover, we also tried to bring in the situation and concepts of China. The results show that the theory of SD has gone through three periods: the embryonic period (before 1972), the molding period (1972–1987), and the developing period (1987–present). SD is gradually implemented into a global action from the initial fuzzy concept, including increasing practical wisdom. The goal of SD evolves from pursuing the single goal of sustainable use of natural resources to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper argues that the theory of strong sustainability should be the accepted concept of SD. Culture, good governance, and life support systems are important factors in promoting SD.

ACS Style

Longyu Shi; Linwei Han; Fengmei Yang; Lijie Gao. The Evolution of Sustainable Development Theory: Types, Goals, and Research Prospects. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7158 .

AMA Style

Longyu Shi, Linwei Han, Fengmei Yang, Lijie Gao. The Evolution of Sustainable Development Theory: Types, Goals, and Research Prospects. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longyu Shi; Linwei Han; Fengmei Yang; Lijie Gao. 2019. "The Evolution of Sustainable Development Theory: Types, Goals, and Research Prospects." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7158.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2019 in Resources
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Spatial information can be integrated into almost all fields of industrial ecology. Many researchers have shown that spatial proximity affects a variety of behaviors and interactions, and thus matters for materials stocks and flows analysis. However, normal tools or models in industrial ecology based on temporal dependence cannot be simply applied to the case of spatial dependence. This paper proposes a framework integrating material stocks and flows analysis with spatial analysis. We argue that spatial analysis can help data management and visualization, determine spatio-temporal patterns-processes-drivers, and finally develop dynamic and spatially explicit models, to improve the performance of simulating and assessing stocks and flows of materials. Scaling in spatial, temporal, and organizational dimensions and other current limitations are also discussed. Combined with spatial analysis, industrial ecology can really be more powerful in achieving its origin and destination—sustainability.

ACS Style

Yupeng Liu; Wei-Qiang Chen; Tao Lin; Lijie Gao. How Spatial Analysis Can Help Enhance Material Stocks and Flows Analysis? Resources 2019, 8, 46 .

AMA Style

Yupeng Liu, Wei-Qiang Chen, Tao Lin, Lijie Gao. How Spatial Analysis Can Help Enhance Material Stocks and Flows Analysis? Resources. 2019; 8 (1):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yupeng Liu; Wei-Qiang Chen; Tao Lin; Lijie Gao. 2019. "How Spatial Analysis Can Help Enhance Material Stocks and Flows Analysis?" Resources 8, no. 1: 46.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Sustainability
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Suburban roads are an important part of China’s road network and essential infrastructure for rural development. Poorly designed road curves and scarcity of traffic signs have caused an excessively high traffic accident rate in plain topographical areas. In this study, an approach to evaluate and improve rural road traffic safety is introduced. Based on fuzzy and cask theory and weighted analysis, a cask evaluation model is built. It provides a quantitative instant method for analyzing road safety in the absence of traffic accident information or rigorous road space data, by identifying dangerous sections and key impact factors, and ultimately help to put forward traffic safety improvements. Based on the application to a specific section of Xiaodang Central Road in the Fengxian District of Shanghai, the result shows that the pavement conditions of cement-hardened dual-lane rural roads was good, but traffic safety was poor. Missing traffic signs, unreasonable road alignment, and poor roadside conditions were the main problems. Finally, improvements of the short-stave subsystem were proposed: the location of guide signs and roadside conditions should be improved, and the number and efficacy of the rural road traffic signs need to be increased, and markings should be and receive regular maintenance.

ACS Style

Longyu Shi; Nigar Huseynova; Bin Yang; Chunming Li; Lijie Gao. A Cask Evaluation Model to Assess Safety in Chinese Rural Roads. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3864 .

AMA Style

Longyu Shi, Nigar Huseynova, Bin Yang, Chunming Li, Lijie Gao. A Cask Evaluation Model to Assess Safety in Chinese Rural Roads. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):3864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longyu Shi; Nigar Huseynova; Bin Yang; Chunming Li; Lijie Gao. 2018. "A Cask Evaluation Model to Assess Safety in Chinese Rural Roads." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 3864.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2018 in Sustainability
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The construction of a reasonable evaluation index system for low-carbon cities is an important part of China’s green development strategy in urban areas. In this study, based on the theoretical framework for the concept of low-carbon cities, the perspectives from three index systems—that is, the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response model of intervention (DPSIR), a complex ecosystem, and a carbon source/sink process—were integrated to extract common indicators from existing evaluation index systems for low-carbon cities. Subsequently, a standardized evaluation index system for low-carbon cities that contained five indicators—carbon emission, low carbon production, low carbon consumption, low-carbon policy, and social economic development—was established. Thereafter, Xiamen was selected for an empirical analysis by determining the indicator weight with an entropy weight method and by carrying out a comprehensive evaluation using a linear summation model. The results showed that the weights of the five selected primary indicators for the evaluation of low-carbon cities were: low-carbon production > low-carbon consumption > social economic development > carbon emission > low-carbon policy. Among the secondary indicators, the average entropy weight of “pollution emission” was the highest at 0.1591, while the average entropy weight of “urbanization rate” was the lowest at 0.0360. Furthermore, the comprehensive index of low-carbon development in 2015 was higher than that in 2010, while the rate of economic growth was greater than the growth rate of carbon emission, which indicated that the relative decoupling of economic growth from carbon emission was basically achieved.

ACS Style

Longyu Shi; Xueqin Xiang; Wei Zhu; Lijie Gao. Standardization of the Evaluation Index System for Low-Carbon Cities in China: A Case Study of Xiamen. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3751 .

AMA Style

Longyu Shi, Xueqin Xiang, Wei Zhu, Lijie Gao. Standardization of the Evaluation Index System for Low-Carbon Cities in China: A Case Study of Xiamen. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3751.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Longyu Shi; Xueqin Xiang; Wei Zhu; Lijie Gao. 2018. "Standardization of the Evaluation Index System for Low-Carbon Cities in China: A Case Study of Xiamen." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3751.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2016 in Sustainability
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Since 1978, China has undergone an institutional reform, from a welfare-oriented housing allocation system to a market-oriented one. But with high housing prices, affordability is a major obstacle to home ownership for Chinese citizens. Now, the government has started to change the goal of housing policy from present economic benefits to sustainable housing, so future generations will have a decent place to live. Housing is an important indicator for social stratification, and home ownership, which is an important component of social sustainability in the Chinese context, is influenced by multiple factors that vary across countries. Although China has a long tradition of home ownership, there is a lack of comprehensive research on post-reform housing inequality. By undertaking a large-scale field study in the city of Xiamen, our research explored to what extent home ownership varies across socio-economic classes, and improves understanding of the reasons behind home ownership inequality. It was discovered that people have a variety of resources from which housing can be obtained, and that commercial housing served as the primary housing source, although, due to path dependence, public housing still comprises an important source of housing, as well as self-built houses. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to further explore the driving forces of home ownership inequality. The model indicated that hukou (household registration) status has the strongest effect on home ownership, followed by education, with family income and occupation as less important factors. Along with income and education, home ownership has a direct effect on people’s perception of their own socio-economic status (SES). A probability model of home ownership was developed, based on logistic regression. Local families with higher levels of income and education with at least one member working in a publicly owned organization had a higher probability of home ownership. Lastly, since 1999, housing reform in Xiamen has tended to increase social stratification, with negative economic and social consequences. Therefore, policies should pay more attention to the welfare of renters and integrating the migration process into urban planning.

ACS Style

Lishan Xiao; Quanyi Qiu; Lijie Gao. Chinese Housing Reform and Social Sustainability: Evidence from Post-Reform Home Ownership. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1053 .

AMA Style

Lishan Xiao, Quanyi Qiu, Lijie Gao. Chinese Housing Reform and Social Sustainability: Evidence from Post-Reform Home Ownership. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (10):1053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lishan Xiao; Quanyi Qiu; Lijie Gao. 2016. "Chinese Housing Reform and Social Sustainability: Evidence from Post-Reform Home Ownership." Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1053.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2016 in Sustainability
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Anthropogenic activity interacts with urban form and inner metabolic processes, ultimately impacting urban sustainability. China’s cities have experienced many environmental issues and metabolic disturbances since the nation-wide market-oriented “reform and opening-up” policy was adopted in the 1980s. To analyze urban reform policy impacts and metabolism sustainability at a settlement scale, this study provides an integrated analysis to evaluate settlement metabolism and sustainability using a combination of emergy analysis and sustainability indicators based on scrutiny of two typical settlements (one pre- and one post-reform). The results reveal that housing reform policy stimulated better planning and construction, thereby improving built environmental quality, mixed functional land use, and residential livability. The pre-reform work-unit settlements are comparatively denser in per capita area but have less mixed land use. Housing reform has spatially changed the work–housing balance and increased commuting travel demand. However, short commuting distances in pre-reform settlements will not always decrease overall motor vehicle usage. Integrating non-commuting transport with local mixed land-use functional planning is a necessary foundation for sustainable urban design. Functional planning should provide convenient facilities and infrastructure, green space, and a suitable household density, and allow for short travel distances; these characteristics are all present in the post-reform settlement.

ACS Style

Lijie Gao; Shenghui Cui; Dewei Yang; Lina Tang; Jonathan Vause; Lishan Xiao; Xuanqi Li; Longyu Shi. Sustainability and Chinese Urban Settlements: Extending the Metabolism Model of Emergy Evaluation. Sustainability 2016, 8, 459 .

AMA Style

Lijie Gao, Shenghui Cui, Dewei Yang, Lina Tang, Jonathan Vause, Lishan Xiao, Xuanqi Li, Longyu Shi. Sustainability and Chinese Urban Settlements: Extending the Metabolism Model of Emergy Evaluation. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (5):459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lijie Gao; Shenghui Cui; Dewei Yang; Lina Tang; Jonathan Vause; Lishan Xiao; Xuanqi Li; Longyu Shi. 2016. "Sustainability and Chinese Urban Settlements: Extending the Metabolism Model of Emergy Evaluation." Sustainability 8, no. 5: 459.