Blood pH is an essential parameter to determine the patient's acid-base status during cardiopulmonary bypass. To date, continuous pH measurement is usually done by continuous blood sampling using an expensive disposable sensor. This paper shows the feasibility of measuring arterial pH from the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) using arterial blood gas analysis. Further, the effect of hyperglycemia on pH estimation is included to show the necessity of combining glucose monitoring with PaCO2 monitoring. 245 blood samples from patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass were used. Patients with renal failure were excluded from the study. In this study, three groups of samples were included, A: all blood samples, B: blood samples with glucose ≤ 200 mg/dL, and C: blood samples with glucose > 200 mg/dL. A linear approximation based on the least-squares criterion was used to derive the best-fit equation. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference among the models. Further, there is a significant association between arterial pH and PaCO2 with a p-value < 0.001 and RMSE of about 0.04. The present findings highlighted that arterial pH could be estimated from PaCO2. Additionally, hyperglycemia did not affect the hypothesis of the general relationship between pH and PaCO2.

Gel electrophoresis is an essential device in biology laboratories and life science centers for the analysis of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. This separation technique mainly depends on using a set of electrode wires to generate an electric field within the gel medium. The most common failure is the electrode wire cut. This fault is due to corrosion or inadvertent cut of the thin platinum wire. Platinum wires are delicate, expensive, and not available in local markets. In this paper, orthodontic nickel-free stainless steel wire (diameter = 0.5 mm), is used as an alternative to the Platinum wire. The effectiveness of the orthodontic stainless steel wire was confirmed under high-level voltages (100, 150, and 250 Volts), and the data produced was reasonable, with good visualization of DNA fragments. However, the Anode wire experienced corrosion after about 11 hours, while the cathode is still effective. The study concluded that while not a long-term solution, nickel-free stainless steel orthodontic wire offers a simple, inexpensive (< $1) alternative to platinum electrodes for gel electrophoresis, especially for students and researchers conducting short-term experiments. However, using stainless steel with nickel is suggested to potentially enhance the lifespan of the electrodes due to nickel's contribution to corrosion resistance. Further research is recommended to explore its wider applications in molecular biology research and improve experimental procedures using this alternative electrode materiale.

Green-synthesis routes for producing CuO nanoparticles offer a simplified, sustainable, and low-cost replacement for conventional chemical methods, eliminating the need for harsh chemicals and providing an easily scalable process for industrial-level production. Although numerous studies have investigated synthesizing CuO nanoparticles from single plant extracts, comparative assessments of multi-plant-mediated CuO nanoparticles alongside synthetic CuO remain limited. In this work, CuO nanoparticles were green-synthesized from three different plant sources, namely ginger, red onion peels, and garlic, and their physicochemical and biological properties were tested against the synthetic CuO. All plant extracts produced pure-phased monoclinic CuO nanoparticles as confirmed by UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDX analyses. SEM showed distinct nanoparticle morphologies, with CuO from ginger extract exhibiting uniform nanocubes, while nanoparticles from red onion and garlic extracts exhibited more aggregated and irregular structures. Their crystallite sizes were 8–9 nm lower than the ~11 nm observed for the synthetic CuO, highlighting the phytochemical role in shaping the nanoparticles’ morphology. The antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli showed that ginger-derived and synthetic CuO had the strongest bacterial inhibition and bactericidal potency compared to onion- and garlic-derived CuO samples. However, synthetic CuO had the highest cytotoxicity risk, hindering its suitability for biological uses, while CuO-ginger maintained good cell viability at moderate concentrations. CuO-onion and CuO-garlic gave lower antibacterial cytocompatibility performance due to their thicker capping layers, which led to decreased Cu²⁺ release and ROS production. Ginger-derived CuO achieved an optimal trade-off between antibacterial and cytotoxic efficiency, highlighting its prospects as a candidate for biomedical applications.