The aim of this study was to analyse a series of five cases of early surgical treatment in juvenile canine patients with high-grade medial patellar luxation. Canine patients, with immature skeleton, affected by grade III or IV medial patellar luxation and treated by multimodal surgical techniques were selected. Five dogs of different breeds, mean age 7.2 ± 3.0 months, met the inclusion criteria. Simultaneous distal femoral varus and external tibial torsion were identified in three of the five cases, whereas in the others, femoral varus with associated tibial valgus and isolated external tibial torsion were observed. Four of the five patients were treated surgically with closing wedge osteotomy of the distal femur, and three of them underwent tibial tuberosity transposition simultaneously. Only two animals required trochleoplasty. Mean time to beginning of weight bearing was 9.8 ± 5.5 days, whereas time to bone healing was 55 ± 24 days. Bone realignment of the extensor apparatus and return to limb support were achieved in all cases. Postoperative reintervention was needed in one patient; however, it was not linked to the initial surgery. Patients were followed up to 1 year postoperatively, with maintenance of extensor alignment and no late complications. The early surgical approach has been shown to be effective in the definitive treatment of juvenile dogs affected by high-grade medial patellar luxation.

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) frequently co-occur in dogs, with excessive tibial torsion adding surgical complexity. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes of total proximal tibial osteotomy (tPTO) combined with cranial closing wedge ostectomy (CCWO) for treating MPL and CCLD in dogs exhibiting excessive external tibial torsion. A retrospective case series was conducted at a single referral hospital, including dogs with concomitant MPL and CCLD, exhibiting external tibial torsion ≥20°, and treated with tPTO and CCWO. A total of 31 patients met the inclusion criteria. Postoperatively, tibial torsion was corrected in all cases, with 74.2% (n = 23) achieving near 0° alignment. The tibial plateau angle decreased from 23.0° ± 5.0° to 7.0° ± 3.4°. Antirotational techniques were used to prevent reluxation in 25.8% (n = 8) of cases because of stifle soft tissue laxity. The initial success rate for patellar and stifle stability was 87.1%, whereas 12.9% (n = 4) of cases exhibited patellar reluxation, necessitating surgical reintervention with antirotational techniques. Bone healing averaged 70.2 ± 21.2 days, aligning with full clinical recovery. Following the four surgical reinterventions, all patients achieved patellar and stifle dynamic stability with normal weight bearing. The combination of tPTO and CCWO proved effective for treating concomitant MPL and CCLD in dogs with excessive tibial torsion, demonstrating favorable outcomes and complication rates. This technique should be considered for managing these complex cases.

The advances in regenerative medicine are very important for the development of medicine and the discovery of stem cells has shown a greater capacity to raise the level of therapeutic quality while their use becomes more accessible, especially in their mesenchymal form. In veterinary medicine, it is not different. The use of those cells, as well as recent advances related to the use of their extracellular vesicles, demonstrates a great opportunity to enhance therapeutic methods and ensure more life quality for patients, which can be in clinical or surgical treatments. Knowing the advances in these modalities and the growing clinical and surgery research and demands for innovations in orthopedic and neurology medicines, this paper aimed to review the literature about the methodologies of use and applications such as the pathways of action and the advances that were postulated for microvesicles and exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary medicine, especially for musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries.

Original Article | Biomedical Science & Technology: Biomedical Technology Epithelial regenerative activity of topic administration of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells secretome in eye drops format—an in vitro study Alefe Luiz Caliani Carrera, Gustavo Soares de Araújo, Hilana dos Santos Sena Brunel, Patrícia Furtado Malard, Rosângela Vieira de Andrade, Milena Zorante Alecrim, Bruno Watanabe Minto

The stabilization of long‐bone fractures using intramedullary nails offers significant biological advantages for bone healing. Nevertheless, the mechanical stability of the implant–bone interface remains suboptimal due to the absence of models capable of generating interfragmentary compression at the fracture site. To address these limitations, this study aims to describe and evaluate a novel dynamic compression angle‐stable interlocking intramedullary nail (DCASIN), designed for use in conjunction with a compression device (CD). Its performance was compared with conventional and angle‐stable interlocking intramedullary nails. Implantation was demonstrated using a tube‐based bone model with transverse fractures. Compression was achieved in the proximal aspect of the DCASIN through an oblong hole that allowed the insertion of a Steinmann pin, which was then subjected to the thrust of the CD’s primary screw (PS). To evaluate dynamic compression, a load cell connected to the Arduino/Genuíno Uno software was utilized. Three groups of interlocking nails were assessed: G1 (conventional), G2 (angle‐stable), and G3 (DCASIN), with measurements taken at four time points (M1: prelocking, M2: after the first screw or PS for the DCASIN, M3: after the second implant, and M4: one‐minute post‐M3). No statistically significant differences in compression forces were observed for G1 and G2 across the measured time points. In contrast, G3 exhibited significantly higher compression at M2 than at M3 and M4, and its compression forces at M2, M3, and M4 were significantly greater than those in G1 and G2. Finite element analysis revealed no significant deformation in G3 during compression. In conclusion, the DCASIN combined with the CD achieved and sustained superior compression forces compared to conventional and angle‐stable nails, thereby offering a promising alternative for the internal fixation of long bones.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of intraoperative identification of the tibial intercondylar eminence (TIcE) in the sagittal plane in dogs. Study design: Ex vivo experimental study. Animals: A total of 20 stifles from 10 dogs (weight range: 20–30 kg; n = 20). Methods: Stifles were positioned for a mediolateral radiographic projection with a hypodermic needle placed at the center of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) (C), immediately cranial (Cr), and caudal (Cd) to the ligament. Variables were assessed at the stifle flexions of 90° and 135° with both intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL‐In) and after mechanical transection (CCL‐MT). Three evaluators measured the distance ( d ) between the TIcE and needle center. Statistical analysis involved a linear mixed model, with the Bonferroni test ( p < .0125). Results: Analyses of CCL‐In and CCL‐MT groups revealed statistically significant differences between needle positions and stifle flexion angles. In the CCL‐In group, the C‐90° position was closest to the stifle center ( d = 0.45 ± 2.39). For the CCL‐MT group, the C‐135° position was nearest ( d = 0.11 ± 2.18). Conclusion: The center of the MCL in the sagittal plane, at 135° of stifle flexion, served as a reliable anatomical reference for identifying the TIcE in dogs with CCL disease. Clinical significance: A meticulous intraoperative identification of the TIcE can improve the accuracy of tibial osteotomies, potentially optimizing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy outcomes.