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Integrated energy systems have become an area of interest as with growing energy demand globally, means of producing sustainable energy from flexible sources is key to meet future energy demands while keeping carbon emissions low. Hydrogen is a potential solution for providing flexibility in the future energy mix as it does not emit harmful gases when used as an energy source. In this paper, an integrated energy system including hydrogen as an energy vector and hydrogen storage is studied. The system is used to assess the behaviour of a hydrogen production and storage system under different renewable energy generation profiles. Two case studies are considered: a high renewable energy generation scenario and a low renewable energy generation scenario. These provide an understanding of how different levels of renewable penetration may affect the operation of an electrolyser and a fuel cell against an electricity import/export pricing regime. The mathematical model of the system under study is represented using the energy hub approach, with system optimisation through linear programming conducted via MATLAB to minimise the total operational cost. The work undertaken showcases the unique interactions the fuel cell has with the hydrogen storage system in terms of minimising grid electricity import and exporting stored hydrogen as electricity back to the grid when export prices are competitive.
Oscar Utomo; Muditha Abeysekera; Carlos Ugalde-Loo. Optimal Operation of a Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell Coupled Integrated Energy System. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3525 .
AMA StyleOscar Utomo, Muditha Abeysekera, Carlos Ugalde-Loo. Optimal Operation of a Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell Coupled Integrated Energy System. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3525.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOscar Utomo; Muditha Abeysekera; Carlos Ugalde-Loo. 2021. "Optimal Operation of a Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell Coupled Integrated Energy System." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3525.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is widely used in district heating and cooling systems (DHCS) to act as a buffer between the supply and demand schedules. The adequate control of charging and discharging modes of TES may improve the overall performance of a DHCS and, to this end, an effective regulation of its state‐of‐charge (SoC) is required. However, the calculation of SoC depends on the availability and accuracy of temperature measurements. A model‐based observer for the calculation of the SoC of water‐based TES tanks is presented. A dynamic model of a one‐dimensional stratified water tank is adopted to develop the observer. Its effectiveness is assessed through ‘model‐in‐the‐loop’ cosimulations, with the observer and the feedback control system being implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and a high‐fidelity water tank component available in Apros being used as the plant model. Simulation results considering three different system configurations demonstrate that the model‐based observer accurately estimates the temperature distribution within the tank, leading to an effective SoC computation and control—even in the case of sensor failure or upon limited sensor availability.
Daniel A. Morales Sandoval; Iván De La Cruz Loredo; Héctor Bastida; Jordan J. R. Badman; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo. Design and verification of an effective state‐of‐charge estimator for thermal energy storage. IET Smart Grid 2021, 4, 202 -214.
AMA StyleDaniel A. Morales Sandoval, Iván De La Cruz Loredo, Héctor Bastida, Jordan J. R. Badman, Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo. Design and verification of an effective state‐of‐charge estimator for thermal energy storage. IET Smart Grid. 2021; 4 (2):202-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel A. Morales Sandoval; Iván De La Cruz Loredo; Héctor Bastida; Jordan J. R. Badman; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo. 2021. "Design and verification of an effective state‐of‐charge estimator for thermal energy storage." IET Smart Grid 4, no. 2: 202-214.
Hybrid dc circuit breakers (HCBs) are recognized as suitable devices for protecting high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, along with other dc circuit breakers (DCCB). However, compared to mechanical circuit breakers, HCBs exhibit higher conduction losses. Such losses are inevitable under no-fault conditions as current may flow through some of the semiconductor switches. An integrated circuit breaker (ICB) minimizing these losses is presented in this paper, and this is achieved by replacing semiconductor switches by mechanical components in the current path. For completeness, the topology design, operating sequence and a mathematical analysis for component sizing of the device are provided. In addition, an estimation of the conduction losses is quantified. It is estimated that the power losses of an ICB are 2 to 30% of an HCB only. The ICB has been implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to demonstrate its effectiveness for isolating dc faults, with simulations conducted on a three-terminal HVDC grid.
Sheng Wang; Wenlong Ming; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Jun Liang. A Low-Loss Integrated Circuit Breaker for HVDC applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2021, PP, 1 -1.
AMA StyleSheng Wang, Wenlong Ming, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Jun Liang. A Low-Loss Integrated Circuit Breaker for HVDC applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2021; PP (99):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheng Wang; Wenlong Ming; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Jun Liang. 2021. "A Low-Loss Integrated Circuit Breaker for HVDC applications." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery PP, no. 99: 1-1.
District heating systems (DHS) provide thermal energy to a range of consumers. Hence, an adequate sizing of the key elements involved in the energy supply system and their management are critical. Pumps and valves are essential components of a DHS as they ensure hydraulic operating conditions are met for the energy distribution process. To achieve this, a hydraulic system is typically controlled by defining a differential pressure set‐point at a critical location in the network. However, a good understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the hydraulic system during the diverse operating conditions is required for its efficient control and to maximise its performance. This paper presents a control strategy based on suitable dynamic models of the hydraulic system. These non‐linear models enable the simulation of the behaviour of mass flow rate, pressure drops in pipes, power consumption of the pump and the heat delivery to meet the thermal loads. Control system design is carried out in MATLAB, and the designed controller is verified with Apros—a commercial process simulation software. It is shown that the hydraulic behaviour of a DHS is well described by the dynamic models presented. In addition, the designed control scheme reduces the electricity consumption of pumps compared with a conventional mass flow rate controller based on a look‐up table and a differential pressure valve.
Hector Bastida; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo; Muditha Abyesekera; Meysam Qadrdan. Modelling and control of district heating networks with reduced pump utilisation. IET Energy Systems Integration 2021, 3, 13 -25.
AMA StyleHector Bastida, Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo, Muditha Abyesekera, Meysam Qadrdan. Modelling and control of district heating networks with reduced pump utilisation. IET Energy Systems Integration. 2021; 3 (1):13-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHector Bastida; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo; Muditha Abyesekera; Meysam Qadrdan. 2021. "Modelling and control of district heating networks with reduced pump utilisation." IET Energy Systems Integration 3, no. 1: 13-25.
One of the most critical faults affecting modular multilevel converter (MMC) based bipolar high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems is the single-phase-to-ground (SPG) faults between the converter transformer and the valve. However, half-bridge (HB) and full-bridge (FB) based MMCs exhibit a different behavior following such a fault and, thus, converter protection should be addressed in a different manner for each configuration. For HB-MMCs, an SPG fault at the valve-side leads to a severe overvoltage on the submodule (SM) capacitors in the converter upper arms and to grid-side non-zero crossing currents. Although FB-MMCs only exhibit overvoltage, these are more severe than for their HB counterparts. To address this problem, this paper presents a protection strategy considering thyristor bypass branches placed in parallel with upper arms of FB-MMCs. By employing this configuration, the upper arm overvoltage in the faulted converter is mitigated and remote converters can be quickly blocked using their local protection schemes. For completeness, the effectiveness of the strategy is verified through time-domain simulations in PSCAD/ EMTDC. The studies in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented protection scheme for station internal faults occurring in FB-MMCs in bipolar HVDC systems.
Gen Li; Jun Liang; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Fan Ma; Haifeng Liang; Ziming Song. Protection for Submodule Overvoltage Caused by Converter Valve-Side Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults in FB-MMC Based Bipolar HVDC Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2020, 35, 2641 -2650.
AMA StyleGen Li, Jun Liang, Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo, Fan Ma, Haifeng Liang, Ziming Song. Protection for Submodule Overvoltage Caused by Converter Valve-Side Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults in FB-MMC Based Bipolar HVDC Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2020; 35 (6):2641-2650.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGen Li; Jun Liang; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Fan Ma; Haifeng Liang; Ziming Song. 2020. "Protection for Submodule Overvoltage Caused by Converter Valve-Side Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults in FB-MMC Based Bipolar HVDC Systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 6: 2641-2650.
Wei Liu; Gen Li; Jun Liang; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Chuanyue Li; Xavier Guillaud. Protection of Single-Phase Fault at the Transformer Valve Side of FB-MMC-Based Bipolar HVdc Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2019, 67, 8416 -8427.
AMA StyleWei Liu, Gen Li, Jun Liang, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo, Chuanyue Li, Xavier Guillaud. Protection of Single-Phase Fault at the Transformer Valve Side of FB-MMC-Based Bipolar HVdc Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 67 (10):8416-8427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Liu; Gen Li; Jun Liang; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Chuanyue Li; Xavier Guillaud. 2019. "Protection of Single-Phase Fault at the Transformer Valve Side of FB-MMC-Based Bipolar HVdc Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 10: 8416-8427.
Current flow controllers (CFCs) are power electronics based devices that may remove some technical barriers preventing multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grid deployment. In this paper, an inter-line CFC topology is investigated. The single H-bridge CFC (1B-CFC) alters the grid power flow by transferring power between neighboring dc lines. The operation and control of a 1B-CFC under a single modulation scheme is presented. A control strategy has been proposed to provide pole balancing support during imbalance conditions. Small-scale prototypes have been developed to demonstrate the functionality and operational range of the device. To this end, an experimental MTDC grid test-rig has been employed. It is shown that a 1B-CFC could be used to limit the dc line current and, additionally, it could be employed to enable asymmetrical tapping of dc lines. For completeness, the performance of the device has been experimentally validated under line overloading, pole imbalance conditions, and a pole-to-pole dc fault.
Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang; Tibin Joseph; Andrzej Adamczyk. Pole Balancing and Thermal Management in Multiterminal HVdc Grids Using Single H-Bridge-Based Current Flow Controllers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2019, 67, 4623 -4634.
AMA StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo, Jun Liang, Tibin Joseph, Andrzej Adamczyk. Pole Balancing and Thermal Management in Multiterminal HVdc Grids Using Single H-Bridge-Based Current Flow Controllers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 67 (6):4623-4634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang; Tibin Joseph; Andrzej Adamczyk. 2019. "Pole Balancing and Thermal Management in Multiterminal HVdc Grids Using Single H-Bridge-Based Current Flow Controllers." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 6: 4623-4634.
Transmission network reinforcements are being undertaken to meet renewable energy targets towards a low carbon transition. High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) links and series-compensated ac lines are frontrunners in these developments. Although series capacitor installations can lead to subsynchronous resonance (SSR), HVDC links based on voltage source converters (VSCs) can be used to effectively damp SSR upon occurrence. An active damping technique to mitigate torsional interactions (TIs), a form of SSR, is presented. The damping scheme considers an active wideband filter to ensure positive damping in a wide range of subsynchronous frequencies. A state-space representation of the system has been formulated and eigenanalyses have been performed to assess the impact of the HVDC link on the TIs. A damping torque study for SSR screening is carried out, with results complemented with time-domain simulations to assess the accuracy of the small-signal models. The test system is implemented in a real-time digital simulator and connected to a VSC-HVDC scaled-down test-rig to validate the damping scheme through hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The presented damping method exhibits a satisfactory performance, with time-domain simulations and laboratory experiments showing a good correlation.
Tibin Joseph; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Jun Liang; Gen Li. Experimental Validation of an Active Wideband SSR Damping Scheme for Series-Compensated Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2019, 35, 58 -70.
AMA StyleTibin Joseph, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Senthooran Balasubramaniam, Jun Liang, Gen Li. Experimental Validation of an Active Wideband SSR Damping Scheme for Series-Compensated Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2019; 35 (1):58-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTibin Joseph; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Jun Liang; Gen Li. 2019. "Experimental Validation of an Active Wideband SSR Damping Scheme for Series-Compensated Networks." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 1: 58-70.
Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems capture the power available in the water flowing in waterways. An electrical interface for the power take-off of a hydrokinetic energy conversion system was designed and a control strategy for the maximum power extraction was investigated. A laboratory prototype was used for the experimental characterisation of the system. High efficiencies were observed because of the restricted flow conditions. The power curves obtained from the experimental results were used for the simulation of the system in MATLAB/Simulink. A ‘perturb and observe’ method was used for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). A control scheme based on a heuristic algorithm suitable for restricted and turbulent water flows was developed. A practical advantage of this scheme is that it does not require the use of mechanical sensors. The MPPT of the laboratory prototype was simulated and experimental validation undertaken, with simulation and experimental results agreeing well. The MPPT of a full-scale hydrokinetic energy conversion system was simulated to assess its performance towards practical deployment.
Marios Michas; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo; Wenlong Ming; Nick Jenkins; Stefan Runge. Maximum power extraction from a hydrokinetic energy conversion system. IET Renewable Power Generation 2019, 13, 1411 -1419.
AMA StyleMarios Michas, Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo, Wenlong Ming, Nick Jenkins, Stefan Runge. Maximum power extraction from a hydrokinetic energy conversion system. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2019; 13 (9):1411-1419.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarios Michas; Carlos E. Ugalde‐Loo; Wenlong Ming; Nick Jenkins; Stefan Runge. 2019. "Maximum power extraction from a hydrokinetic energy conversion system." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 9: 1411-1419.
Large-scale grid integration of renewables and cross-country border energy exchange may be facilitated by multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current (MTDC) grids. However, as the number of terminals and dc lines increases, power flow management may become a major challenge. This paper addresses such a fundamental issue through the introduction of current flow controllers (CFCs) into the MTDC grid. A CFC is a low power rated controllable voltage source that can enhance system performance by suitably redirecting the power flow at the point of connection. This is achieved through the regulation of the dc line current by introducing a series voltage at the connection node. The characteristics, control and operation for three configurations of series-connected CFCs are studied. These have been termed dual-thyristor converter CFC (DTC-CFC), cascaded voltage source converter (VSC)-dc chopper based CFC (CDC-CFC) and dual H-bridge CFC (2B-CFC). A four-terminal MTDC grid has been modeled in Simulink/SimPowerSystems to analyze the dynamic performance of the devices. Simulation results show that all devices are capable of improving system performance. In addition, the CFCs are compared in terms of controllability and dc fault performance. For completeness, a 2B-CFC prototype has been developed to study the impact of a CFC on MTDC grid operation, with an MTDC test-rig used to validate simulation results.
Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang. Series Current Flow Controllers for DC Grids. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 14779 -14790.
AMA StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam, Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo, Jun Liang. Series Current Flow Controllers for DC Grids. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 (99):14779-14790.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang. 2019. "Series Current Flow Controllers for DC Grids." IEEE Access 7, no. 99: 14779-14790.
Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang; Tibin Joseph. Power Flow Management in MTdc Grids Using Series Current Flow Controllers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2019, 66, 8485 -8497.
AMA StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo, Jun Liang, Tibin Joseph. Power Flow Management in MTdc Grids Using Series Current Flow Controllers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 66 (11):8485-8497.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenthooran Balasubramaniam; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang; Tibin Joseph. 2019. "Power Flow Management in MTdc Grids Using Series Current Flow Controllers." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 11: 8485-8497.
Infrastructure reinforcement using high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) links and series compensation has been proposed to boost the power transmission capacity of existing ac grids. However, deployment of series capacitors may lead to subsynchronous resonance (SSR). Besides providing bulk power transfer, voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC links can be effectively used to damp SSR. To this end, this paper presents a method for the real-time estimation of the subsynchronous frequency component present in series-compensated transmission lines-key information required for the optimal design of damping controllers. A state-space representation has been formulated and an eigenvalue analysis has been performed to evaluate the impact of a VSC-HVDC link on the torsional modes of nearby connected thermal generation plants. Furthermore, the series-compensated system has been implemented in a real-time digital simulator and connected to a VSC-HVDC scaled-down test-rig to perform hardware-in-the-loop tests. The efficacy and operational performance of the ac/dc network while providing SSR damping is tested through a series of experiments. The proposed estimation and damping method shows a good performance both in time-domain simulations and laboratory experiments.
Tibin Joseph; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Jun Liang. Real-Time Estimation and Damping of SSR in a VSC-HVDC Connected Series-Compensated System. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2018, 33, 7052 -7063.
AMA StyleTibin Joseph, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Senthooran Balasubramaniam, Jun Liang. Real-Time Estimation and Damping of SSR in a VSC-HVDC Connected Series-Compensated System. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2018; 33 (6):7052-7063.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTibin Joseph; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Senthooran Balasubramaniam; Jun Liang. 2018. "Real-Time Estimation and Damping of SSR in a VSC-HVDC Connected Series-Compensated System." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 6: 7052-7063.
A comparison of the capabilities of two quite distinct power electronics-based ’flexible AC transmission systems’ devices to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations to improve the performance of power systems is presented. The comparison is made using frequency domain methods under the ’individual channel analysis and design’ framework. A synchronous generator feeding into a large system is used for such a purpose. Two system configurations including compensation are analysed: (a) in series in the form of a thyristor-controlled series compensator, and (b) in shunt through a static VAr compensator featuring a damping controller. Analyses are carried out to elucidate the dynamic behaviour of the synchronous generator in the presence of the power electronics-based controllers and for the case when no controller is present. Performance and robustness assessments are given particular emphasis. The crux of the matter is the comparison between the abilities of the static VAr compensator and the thyristor-controlled series compensator to eliminate the problematic switch-back characteristic intrinsic to synchronous generator operation by using the physical insight afforded by ’individual channel analysis and design’.
Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro. Analysis of the damping characteristics of two power electronics-based devices using ‘individual channel analysis and design’. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2018, 59, 527 -545.
AMA StyleCarlos E. Ugalde-Loo, Enrique Acha, Eduardo Liceaga-Castro. Analysis of the damping characteristics of two power electronics-based devices using ‘individual channel analysis and design’. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2018; 59 ():527-545.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro. 2018. "Analysis of the damping characteristics of two power electronics-based devices using ‘individual channel analysis and design’." Applied Mathematical Modelling 59, no. : 527-545.
Although the probability of occurrence of station internal ac grounding faults in modular multilevel converter (MMC) based high-voltage direct-current systems is low, they may lead to severe consequences that should be considered when designing protection systems. This paper analyzes the characteristics of valve-side single-phase-to-ground (SPG) faults in three configurations of MMC systems. Fault responses for symmetrical monopolar MMCs are first studied. Upper arm overvoltages and ac side non-zero-crossing currents arising from SPG faults in asymmetrical and bipolar configurations are then investigated. DC grounding using an LR parallel circuit is employed to create current zero-crossings which will enable the operation of grid side ac circuit breakers. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulations performed in PSCAD/EMTDC, with simulation results and the theoretical analysis showing a good agreement. The studies in this paper will be valuable for the design of protection systems for station internal ac grounding faults.
Gen Li; Jun Liang; Fan Ma; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Haifeng Liang. Analysis of Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults at the Valve-Side of HB-MMCs in HVDC Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2018, 66, 2444 -2453.
AMA StyleGen Li, Jun Liang, Fan Ma, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo, Haifeng Liang. Analysis of Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults at the Valve-Side of HB-MMCs in HVDC Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 66 (3):2444-2453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGen Li; Jun Liang; Fan Ma; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Haifeng Liang. 2018. "Analysis of Single-Phase-to-Ground Faults at the Valve-Side of HB-MMCs in HVDC Systems." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 3: 2444-2453.
A high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) grid protection strategy to suppress dc fault currents and prevent overcurrent in the arms of modular multi-level converters (MMCs) is proposed in this paper. The strategy is based on the coordination of half-bridge (HB) MMCs and hybrid dc circuit breakers (DCCBs). This is achieved by allowing MMC submodules (SMs) to be temporarily bypassed prior to the opening of the DCCBs. Once the fault is isolated by the DCCBs, the MMCs will restore to normal operation. The performance of the proposed method is assessed and compared to when MMCs are blocked and when no corrective action is taken. To achieve this, an algorithm for fault detection and discrimination is used and its impact on MMC bypassing is discussed. To assess its effectiveness, the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in PSCAD/EMTDC using a four-terminal HVDC system. Simulation results show that the coordination of MMCs and DCCBs can significantly reduce dc fault current and the absorbed current energy by more than 70 and 90% respectively, while keeping MMC arm currents small.
Sheng Wang; Chuanyue Li; Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi; Gen Li; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang. Coordination of MMCs With Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers for HVDC Grid Protection. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2018, 34, 11 -22.
AMA StyleSheng Wang, Chuanyue Li, Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi, Gen Li, Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo, Jun Liang. Coordination of MMCs With Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers for HVDC Grid Protection. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2018; 34 (1):11-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheng Wang; Chuanyue Li; Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi; Gen Li; Carlos Ernesto Ugalde-Loo; Jun Liang. 2018. "Coordination of MMCs With Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers for HVDC Grid Protection." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 34, no. 1: 11-22.
In this paper a comprehensive dynamical assessment of a high order synchronous generator plant is carried out using the Individual Channel Analysis and Design (ICAD) framework –a multivariable control engineering tool that allows robustness and system performance evaluations. The great benefits of ICAD are elucidated and contrasted to those provided by the long-time honored block diagram representations. Several models used for the small signal stability analysis of synchronous generators are evaluated under the framework of ICAD. The study, which builds on pioneering work, reveals the great advantages of carrying out control system analysis and design with higher order generator models. Moreover, careful analysis of the ICAD's Multivariable Structure Function (MSF) helps to explain, formally, why some operating conditions of the control system are more critical than others. Furthermore, correct interpretations of MSFs are amenable to robust and stable control system designs. Two kinds of studies are considered in the paper; one assesses operation under various power factor conditions and the other under a varying tie-line reactance. The control system design and stability and structural robustness assessment of the system are presented in the second part of this paper. Moreover, results obtained under the ICAD framework are compared with those arising from conventional controllers.
Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Luigi Vanfretti; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Enrique Acha. Synchronous Generators Modeling and Control Using the Framework of Individual Channel Analysis and Design: Part 1. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Luigi Vanfretti, Eduardo Liceaga-Castro, Enrique Acha. Synchronous Generators Modeling and Control Using the Framework of Individual Channel Analysis and Design: Part 1. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Luigi Vanfretti; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Enrique Acha. 2018. "Synchronous Generators Modeling and Control Using the Framework of Individual Channel Analysis and Design: Part 1." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
In this paper the performance of a synchronous generator – SVC system is evaluated using Individual Channel Analysis and Design (ICAD), a control-oriented framework suitable for smallsignal stability assessments. The SVC is already a mature piece of technology, which has become very popular for providing fast-acting reactive power support. The great benefits of ICAD in control system design tasks are elucidated. Fundamental analysis is carried out explaining the generator dynamic behavior as affected by the SVC. A multivariable control system design for the system is presented, with particular emphasis in the closed-loop performance and stability and structural robustness assessment. It is formally shown in the paper that although the addition of the SVC with no damping control loop does not improve the dynamic of the system, its inclusion is very effective in enhancing voltage stability. Moreover, ICAD analysis shows that with the use of the SVC the dynamical structure of the system is preserved and no considerable coupling or adverse dynamics are added to the plant.
Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Jesus U. Liceaga Castro. Fundamental Analysis of the Static VAr Compensator Performance Using Individual Channel Analysis and Design. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Enrique Acha, Eduardo Liceaga-Castro, Jesus U. Liceaga Castro. Fundamental Analysis of the Static VAr Compensator Performance Using Individual Channel Analysis and Design. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Jesus U. Liceaga Castro. 2018. "Fundamental Analysis of the Static VAr Compensator Performance Using Individual Channel Analysis and Design." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
In this paper a novel control strategy for a real synchronous generator is presented. It is based on linear, diagonal, low order, minimum-phase, fixed, and stable controllers. The controller was obtained via individual channel design (ICD), a framework that allows analysis and synthesis of multivariable control systems by means of classical techniques based on the Bode and Nyquist plots. The generator is part of a one machine – infinite bus system. A linearised model around an operating point in a rotating coordinate frame is used. The theoretical principles behind this control strategy are summarised for completeness. The results using this novel control strategy are obtained throughout simulations in MATLAB®.
Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Daniel Olguín Salinas; Eduardo Liceaga Castro; Jesus Ulises Liceaga Castro. Individual Channel Design for Synchronous Generators. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Daniel Olguín Salinas, Eduardo Liceaga Castro, Jesus Ulises Liceaga Castro. Individual Channel Design for Synchronous Generators. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Daniel Olguín Salinas; Eduardo Liceaga Castro; Jesus Ulises Liceaga Castro. 2018. "Individual Channel Design for Synchronous Generators." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
The TCSC is the electronically-controlled counterpart of the conventional series bank of capacitors. A mature member of the FACTS technology, the TCSC has the ability to regulate power flows along the compensated line and to rapidly modulate its effective impedance. In this paper its performance is evaluated using Individual Channel Analysis and Design. Fundamental analysis is carried out to explain the generator dynamic behavior as affected by the TCSC. Moreover, a control system design for the system is presented, with particular emphasis in the closed-loop performance and stability and structural robustness assessment. It is formally shown that the incorporation of a TCSC operating in its capacitive range improves the dynamical performance of the synchronous machine by decreasing the electrical distance and therefore considerably reducing the awkward switchback characteristic exhibited by synchronous generators. It is also formally proven in the paper that the inductive operation should be avoided as it impairs system operation. In general, the TCSC inclusion brings on fragility into the global system, making it non-minimum phase and introducing adverse dynamics in the speed channel of the synchronous machine. Moreover, it is shown that the minimum-phase condition may also be present in cases featuring high capacitive compensation levels.
Carlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Luigi Vanfretti. Individual Channel Analysis of the Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator Performance. ENERGYO 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo, Enrique Acha, Eduardo Liceaga-Castro, Luigi Vanfretti. Individual Channel Analysis of the Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator Performance. ENERGYO. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Ernesto Ugalde Loo; Enrique Acha; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Luigi Vanfretti. 2018. "Individual Channel Analysis of the Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator Performance." ENERGYO , no. : 1.
High-performance field oriented control (FOC) of induction motors (IMs) relies on the accurate control of their electrical dynamics. In particular, perfect decoupling control of the stator currents should be ideally achieved for a FOC scheme to be efficient. However, the decoupling effectiveness afforded by most stator currents controllers may be influenced not only by the parameters and the operating condition, but also by the specific controller structure and the adopted coordinate system. A measure to assess decoupling effectiveness is non-existent in the IM control literature. To bridge this gap, an in-depth analysis of the cross-coupling inherent characteristics of the electrical subsystem of IMs under different well-known control structures is presented in this paper. Specifically, four control strategies previously studied and experimentally validated in the literature are critically assessed in this work: 1) stationary frame proportional-integral (PI) control, 2) synchronous frame PI control, 3) synchronous frame PI control with decoupling networks, and 4) improved stationary frame diagonal control. The decoupling capabilities of controllers in stationary and synchronous coordinates are examined, with a detailed insight on the role of decoupling methods. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain under the framework of individual channel analysis and design (ICAD). By application of ICAD, the decoupling effectiveness of FOC schemes is clearly exposed and quantified, with an assessment of the effects of parametric uncertainty being carried out for completeness. The effect of the inverter dynamics over cross-coupling is also treated using digital simulations. The results are useful to determine the conditions in which each control strategy has either advantages or disadvantages. Additionally, it is possible to determine the effect of several operating parameters over the stator currents cross-coupling such as nominal flux and torque levels.
Luis A. Amézquita-Brooks; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Jesús Licéaga-Castro. In-depth cross-coupling analysis in high-performance induction motor control. Journal of the Franklin Institute 2018, 355, 2142 -2178.
AMA StyleLuis A. Amézquita-Brooks, Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo, Eduardo Liceaga-Castro, Jesús Licéaga-Castro. In-depth cross-coupling analysis in high-performance induction motor control. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 2018; 355 (5):2142-2178.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis A. Amézquita-Brooks; Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo; Eduardo Liceaga-Castro; Jesús Licéaga-Castro. 2018. "In-depth cross-coupling analysis in high-performance induction motor control." Journal of the Franklin Institute 355, no. 5: 2142-2178.