Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in whom immunosuppression often results in atypical clinical manifestations, paucibacillary disease, extrapulmonary involvement, and disseminated forms that complicate timely diagnosis. This narrative review summarizes current and emerging diagnostic approaches for TB-HIV, with emphasis on their diagnostic performance, clinical applicability, implementation challenges, and potential integration into future algorithms. Conventional methods, including sputum smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and chest radiography, remain relevant but have important limitations in people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly in advanced immunosuppression. Rapid molecular tests, especially Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, have improved early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, although diagnostic gaps persist in sputum-scarce and extrapulmonary disease. Non-sputum-based tests, particularly WHO-recommended urine LF-LAM and emerging next-generation assays such as FujiLAM II, offer important opportunities for severely ill patients and those with advanced HIV disease. Host-derived biomarkers, transcriptomic signatures, and artificial intelligence-assisted chest imaging may further strengthen screening, triage, and diagnostic prioritization. Integrated, context-adapted diagnostic algorithms combining microbiological, molecular, urinary, imaging, and host-response tools are needed to improve early TB detection and reduce mortality in resource-limited settings.

El presente artículo revisa los métodos de clasificación de aguas, resaltando su importancia en la gestión de recursos hídricos, la calidad del agua potable y la protección ambiental. Se analizan las propiedades físicas, químicas y microbiológicas utilizadas en estos procesos, así como la necesidad de enfoques precisos y eficientes. La revisión incluye métodos tradicionales y basados en aprendizaje automático, comparando su desempeño y utilidad en diferentes contextos. Para la selección de estudios, se consultaron bases de datos científicas mediante el uso de herramientas de inteligencia artificial generativa, utilizando criterios específicos de búsqueda. Se consideran distintos tipos de aguas, incluyendo potable, residual y subterránea, así como modelos de clasificación como árboles de decisión y redes neuronales. Los resultados evidencian tendencias en la adopción de modelos automatizados debido a su mayor exactitud y eficiencia. No obstante, se identifican limitaciones en el acceso a datos y la necesidad de estandarización. Finalmente, se concluye que la clasificación del agua es esencial para la sostenibilidad ambiental y se proponen futuras líneas de investigación orientadas a mejorar los modelos existentes y optimizar su implementación en diversas aplicaciones.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a major global health challenge driven by the declining availability of effective antimicrobials. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from venomous organisms are promising alternatives because of their broad-spectrum activity and low propensity for resistance development. Chihuahuanus coahuilae, an endemic scorpion from northern Mexico, produces a venom rich in bioactive peptides with potential therapeutic applications. Methods: Venom gland transcriptomic analysis identified four novel AMP sequences, which were chemically synthesized and evaluated through structural, antimicrobial, hemolytic, cytotoxicity, and immunological assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed against clinically relevant bacterial strains, including a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate. Hemolysis was evaluated using human erythrocytes, and immunocompatibility was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by measuring T-cell viability and cytokine production. Results: The peptides exhibited bactericidal activity against Enterococcus faecalis (EC50 = 86.5-157.3 µM), Escherichia coli (EC50 = 22.7-69.6 µM), and multidrug resistant A. baumannii (EC50 = 11.4-97.7 µM). Hemolytic activity remained below 10% at concentrations up to 20 µM. T-cell viability exceeded 85% at antimicrobial EC50 concentrations, indicating limited cytotoxicity. Cytokine profiling revealed no significant induction of TNF-α or IL-6 at therapeutically relevant concentrations, supporting a favorable immunocompatibility profile. Conclusion: These findings identify four novel venom-derived AMPs with potent antibacterial activity, low hemolytic and cytotoxic effects, and minimal immunostimulatory properties. Their combined antimicrobial efficacy and favorable safety profile support further preclinical development as candidates for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

Pre-eclampsia is a Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy (HDP) characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, affecting 2–8% of pregnancies worldwide and constituting a major public health concern. Genes of the renin–angiotensin system have been investigated as potential causative factors, but inconclusive results have been obtained. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the possible contribution of alleles, genotypes or haplotypes of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) T174M (rs4762) and M235T (rs699) in AGT gene to pre-eclampsia in the Mexican population. We analyzed the association by performing PCR-RFLP with DNA extracted from whole blood samples of Mexican women with pre-eclampsia or normotensive pregnancy and the general population (GP). Our results showed a significant difference in the rate of heterozygosity for the T174M polymorphism between cases and controls. In addition, this polymorphism together with homozygosity for the M235T polymorphism may represent a possible genetic marker associated with pre-eclampsia. The T-C haplotype (174M–M235) was more common in patients with pre-eclampsia (non-significant difference p = 0.0503). The identification of genetic risk markers may support the early detection of pre-eclampsia and strengthen peripartum maternal health strategies within a global health framework aimed at reducing maternal mortality.

En el presente trabajo se describe el diseño, fabricación y evaluación experimental de un sistema de detección de aceite automotriz usado en agua destilada, empleando módulos desechables tipo lab-on-a-chip (LoC) fabricados sobre placas fenólicas mediante fresado CNC y un circuito de medición basado en divisor de voltaje con un microcontrolador Arduino Nano. Se prepararon emulsiones de aceite de motor SAE 20W-50 en agua destilada a concentraciones del 1, 5, 10, 15 y 20 % v/v, utilizando agitación en vortex y centrifugación. Se realizaron tres experimentos modificando el valor de la resistencia del divisor de voltaje (464 Ω y 4.7 kΩ) con el fin de evaluar la estabilidad de la señal y la relación entre la concentración de aceite y la lectura del convertidor analógico-digital (ADC). Los resultados demostraron que la presencia de aceite modifica la conductividad del medio; sin embargo, no se observó una relación proporcional directa entre la concentración y la señal obtenida, lo que se atribuye a la naturaleza heterogénea de las emulsiones, efectos de electrólisis generados por corriente directa y limitaciones de la resolución del ADC ante señales de muy baja amplitud. El trabajo aporta evidencia experimental sobre las limitaciones del método de corriente directa para este tipo de aplicación y orienta el desarrollo de trabajos futuros basados en excitación de corriente alterna y espectroscopía de impedancia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v20i1.2241

Physical education (PE) practiced in the early stages of life contributes to psychomotor development, promotes healthy lifestyles, and influences metabolic variables. Currently, high levels of sedentary lifestyles prevail, and unhealthy habits significantly impact lifestyle; consequently, the metabolic state of human beings is altered throughout their life cycle. Given the limited information on the associations between these variables, the present study was conducted to analyze the relationships among physical education, psychomotor skills, and lifestyle habits in women and men at the pre-adolescent and adolescent stages in a central region of Mexico. Seven hundred and twenty-four students participated in a representative sample of 19,000 participants from the municipal sports initiation schools of León, comprising two age groups: pre-adolescents (12 to 15 years of age) and adolescents (16 to 19 years of age), of both sexes. Males in the pre-adolescent and adolescent groups had higher values for glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins. The physical activity variables were significantly related by a multiple correlation model (R² = 0.49; p < 0.05). Perception of physical activity through physical education had a score range of 4-8 out of 10 points. The psychomotor movement test in the Illinois test yielded values between 40% and 72%, which are considered low. In conclusion, the metabolic variables of glucose and lipids had values unsuitable for their age, and males had the highest values. Participants in sports programs need to have a greater understanding of their metabolic variables, adopt healthy lifestyles, and develop better psychomotor skills from an early stage of life.