Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant cerebellar tumor in children. With increasing health information-seeking behavior, YouTube has emerged as a popular source for patient education. However, the unregulated nature of its medical content raises concerns regarding accuracy and reliability. To evaluate the quality, reliability, and popularity of YouTube videos related to medulloblastoma using validated assessment tools. This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed the first 100 YouTube videos retrieved using the keyword "medulloblastoma" (June 26, 2025). After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 96 videos were evaluated. Data collected included video source, views, likes, comments, and age. Quality was assessed using the DISCERN instrument, JAMA benchmarks, and Global Quality Score (GQS). Non-parametric statistical tests and Spearman correlation were applied. Videos originated primarily from the United States (45.8%), the United Kingdom (18.8%), and India (15.6%). Sources included private institutions (47.9%), public institutions (20.8%), physicians (12.5%), patient experiences (10.4%), and health channels (8.3%). Mean DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores were 56.39 ± 14.18, 2.68 ± 0.83, and 3.74 ± 0.89, respectively. Physician-uploaded videos had the highest quality scores (DISCERN: 62.88, GQS: 4.13; p < 0.001), whereas patient-experience videos scored lowest. Popularity metrics showed no significant correlation with quality scores. Medulloblastoma-related YouTube videos generally exhibit moderate-to-high quality, with physician and public institution uploads providing the most reliable information. Given the weak association between popularity and quality, healthcare professionals and institutions should actively contribute accurate, evidence-based content to improve online health literacy.

Background: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric central nervous system tumor and exhibits marked molecular and clinical heterogeneity. Immune evasion pathways may contribute to tumor aggressiveness and represent potential prognostic and therapeutic targets. We investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of the immune checkpoint molecules B7-H3 (CD276) and CD47 in medulloblastoma. Methods: We screened 77 patients treated between April 2015 and December 2025; in total, 32 patients with pathologically confirmed medulloblastoma and complete data were included. Tumor B7-H3 and CD47 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and an immunoreactivity score (IRS); patients were categorized as having negative/low (IRS < 4) or high (IRS ≥ 4) expression. We analyzed the associations with clinicopathological and molecular features. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests. Prognostic factors were examined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Results: High B7-H3 expression was associated with shorter OS (median 46 vs. 85 months; p = 0.024) and markedly reduced DFS (median 21 vs. 102 months; p < 0.001). High CD47 expression was also associated with shorter OS (median 56 vs. 102 months; p = 0.025), whereas DFS did not significantly differ by CD47 status (p = 0.200). B7-H3 and CD47 expression levels were not correlated (Spearman’s rho = 0.071; p = 0.699). In the univariate analysis, high B7-H3 expression predicted mortality (HR = 25.79; p = 0.002) and recurrence risk (HR = 136.23; p = 0.045), and high CD47 expression predicted mortality (HR = 4.82; p = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, high B7-H3 expression remained an independent predictor of poor OS (HR = 31.01; p = 0.004), whereas radiotherapy independently reduced the recurrence risk (HR = 0.197; p = 0.024). Conclusions: B7-H3 is a strong independent adverse prognostic biomarker for OS and is associated with profoundly shorter DFS in medulloblastoma, supporting its relevance as a candidate target for immune-directed strategies.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces complex molecular and neuroendocrine alterations that extend beyond the site of injury. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a hierarchically organized neuroendocrine system composed of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, plays a central role in coordinating stress and metabolic homeostasis. Despite its critical importance, the temporal transcriptional mechanisms underlying HPA axis dysregulation following TBI remain poorly understood, particularly in relation to coordinated neuronal injury and regeneration processes. This study aimed to investigate the time-dependent transcriptional dynamics of genes associated with neuronal injury and regeneration within the HPA axis following experimental TBI. Moderate-to-severe TBI was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model. Animals were allocated into sham, acute (24 h), and chronic (30 days) groups. Transcript profiles of 24 HPA axis- and neuroregeneration-related genes were analyzed in hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal tissues using quantitative real-time PCR, with normalization to a housekeeping gene and statistical evaluation of differential expression across time points. TBI induced distinct, tissue-specific, and time-dependent transcriptional alterations across the HPA axis. In the acute phase, stress-response genes showed divergent regulation between central and peripheral tissues, whereas the chronic phase was characterized by transcriptional reorganization involving neurotrophic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine pathways. Key regulators such as Hif1a, Rad18, Avp, Gata3, and OxtR exhibited significant and region-specific expression changes. These findings demonstrate that TBI triggers coordinated yet heterogeneous transcriptional responses within the HPA axis, linking central injury to systemic endocrine adaptation. This study provides novel insight into the molecular basis of neuroendocrine dysfunction and recovery after TBI and identifies candidate targets for future therapeutic strategies.

Background and Objectives: Chronic spontaneous lumbar epidural hematoma (CSLEH) is a rare condition that may mimic a lumbar synovial cyst clinically and radiologically, making accurate preoperative diagnosis challenging. This study aimed to compare the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of CSLEHs and lumbar synovial cysts and to identify features that may facilitate their preoperative differentiation. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 16 adult patients who underwent surgical decompression for symptomatic extradural lesions located between T12 and S1 and were ultimately diagnosed with either CSLEH or lumbar synovial cyst. Based on definitive intraoperative findings with histopathological confirmation when applicable, patients were classified into a CSLEH group (n = 6) or a lumbar synovial cyst group (n = 10). Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, MRI findings, lesion localization, neurological deficits, pain severity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and postoperative outcomes were compared between the groups. Results: Patients with CSLEHs had a significantly shorter symptom duration (p = 0.001), more frequent anticoagulant use (p = 0.008), and a higher prevalence of motor weakness (p < 0.001) and sensory deficits (p = 0.001) than those with lumbar synovial cysts. Preoperative pain severity was significantly greater in the CSLEH group (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in MRI signal characteristics or lesion distribution between the groups. Surgical decompression was associated with marked postoperative pain improvement in both groups, with a greater reduction in VAS scores (ΔVAS) in the CSLEH group (p = 0.007). No postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: CSLEH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lumbar synovial cyst, particularly in patients with a relatively short symptom duration, anticoagulant use, and progressive neurological deficits. Although conventional MRI remains essential for preoperative evaluation, substantial overlap in MRI characteristics may limit reliable differentiation between these entities. Integration of clinical and radiological findings may improve preoperative diagnostic suspicion, while surgical exploration can provide both definitive diagnosis and effective neural decompression.