Electricity systems are increasingly exposed to flooding, but the economic consequences of flood-induced outages at individual fossil-fuelled power plants (FPPs) remain poorly quantified at the global scale. Here we develop a plant-level flood stress-testing framework that combines high-resolution flood hazard exposure, outage modelling and a multi-regional input-output model (MRIO) to estimate expected annual damage (EAD) from potential outages at global coal-, gas- and oil-fired power plants in 2015 and 2024. We find that the number of flood-exposed plants increased from 493 to 750, while total EAD nearly doubled from €4.42 billion to €8.75 billion. Losses also became more geographically externalized: foreign damage transmitted through supply chains rose from €1.39 billion to €5.39 billion, increasing from 31.4% to 61.6% of total damage. These risks are highly concentrated, with a small number of strategically important plants accounting for large shares of national fuel-specific losses. Decomposition analysis shows that rising damage was driven mainly by stronger supply-chain propagation rather than by physical exposure alone. Our results highlight the need to combine targeted flood protection for critical existing plants with improved siting of future power infrastructure to reduce cascading climate risks to electricity security.

Blue carbon ecosystems are critical biodiversity hotspots facing escalating threats. Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) is a key policy tool for protecting their biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem services, resilience, climate action, and sustainable development. We performed a systematic bibliometric analysis (1981–2025) using the Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that global CMSP–blue carbon ecosystems collaborative research exhibits a three-stage evolutionary pattern: the initial phase (2008–2012) of blue carbon concept introduction; the development phase (2013–2018), where research focus shifted to carbon sinks and ecology driven by policy initiatives; and the growth phase (2019–2025), where research focused on precision systematic governance. Research has evolved from baseline ecosystem assessments to policy governance integration, which emerged as a core component of Marine Spatial Planning to advance sustainable development. Research networks exhibit a “center–periphery” pattern. However, the international influence of China’s research output remains limited. Future CMSP collaborative governance will require refining planning frameworks, addressing regional technical adaptation challenges, and establishing a multidimensional policy system to reconcile the effective conservation of blue carbon ecosystems in order to reconcile biodiversity, resilience, and sustainable development. This study maps the CMSP–blue carbon ecosystems research landscape, informing improved climate-friendly marine and coastal spatial planning for enhanced coastal wetland biodiversity and ecological resilience.