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Matthew P. Reynolds
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico

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Review
Published: 17 June 2021 in Journal of Experimental Botany
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Despite being the world’s most widely grown crop, research investments in wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) fall behind those in other staple crops. Current yield gains will not meet 2050 needs, and climate stresses compound this challenge. However, there is good evidence that heat and drought resilience can be boosted through translating promising ideas into novel breeding technologies using powerful new tools in genetics and remote sensing, for example. Such technologies can also be applied to identify climate resilience traits from among the vast and largely untapped reserve of wheat genetic resources in collections worldwide. This review describes multi-pronged research opportunities at the focus of the Heat and Drought Wheat Improvement Consortium (coordinated by CIMMYT), which together create a pipeline to boost heat and drought resilience, specifically: improving crop design targets using big data approaches; developing phenomic tools for field-based screening and research; applying genomic technologies to elucidate the bases of climate resilience traits; and applying these outputs in developing next-generation breeding methods. The global impact of these outputs will be validated through the International Wheat Improvement Network, a global germplasm development and testing system that contributes key productivity traits to approximately half of the global wheat-growing area.

ACS Style

Matthew P Reynolds; Janet M Lewis; Karim Ammar; Bhoja R Basnet; Leonardo Crespo-Herrera; José Crossa; Kanwarpal S Dhugga; Susanne Dreisigacker; Philomin Juliana; Hannes Karwat; Masahiro Kishii; Margaret R Krause; Peter Langridge; Azam Lashkari; Suchismita Mondal; Thomas Payne; Diego Pequeno; Francisco Pinto; Carolina Sansaloni; Urs Schulthess; Ravi P Singh; Kai Sonder; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Wei Xiong; Hans J Braun. Harnessing translational research in wheat for climate resilience. Journal of Experimental Botany 2021, 72, 5134 -5157.

AMA Style

Matthew P Reynolds, Janet M Lewis, Karim Ammar, Bhoja R Basnet, Leonardo Crespo-Herrera, José Crossa, Kanwarpal S Dhugga, Susanne Dreisigacker, Philomin Juliana, Hannes Karwat, Masahiro Kishii, Margaret R Krause, Peter Langridge, Azam Lashkari, Suchismita Mondal, Thomas Payne, Diego Pequeno, Francisco Pinto, Carolina Sansaloni, Urs Schulthess, Ravi P Singh, Kai Sonder, Sivakumar Sukumaran, Wei Xiong, Hans J Braun. Harnessing translational research in wheat for climate resilience. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2021; 72 (14):5134-5157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew P Reynolds; Janet M Lewis; Karim Ammar; Bhoja R Basnet; Leonardo Crespo-Herrera; José Crossa; Kanwarpal S Dhugga; Susanne Dreisigacker; Philomin Juliana; Hannes Karwat; Masahiro Kishii; Margaret R Krause; Peter Langridge; Azam Lashkari; Suchismita Mondal; Thomas Payne; Diego Pequeno; Francisco Pinto; Carolina Sansaloni; Urs Schulthess; Ravi P Singh; Kai Sonder; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Wei Xiong; Hans J Braun. 2021. "Harnessing translational research in wheat for climate resilience." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 14: 5134-5157.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Journal of Experimental Botany
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Wheat yields are stagnating or declining in many regions, requiring efforts to improve the light conversion efficiency, known as radiation use efficiency (RUE). RUE is a key trait in plant physiology because it links light capture and primary metabolism with biomass accumulation and yield, but its measurement is time consuming and this has limited its use in fundamental research and large-scale physiological breeding. In this study, high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) approaches were used among a population of field-grown wheat with variation in RUE and photosynthetic traits to build predictive models of RUE, biomass, and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Three approaches were used: best combination of sensors; canopy vegetation indices; and partial least squares regression. The use of remote sensing models predicted RUE with up to 70% accuracy compared with ground truth data. Water indices and canopy greenness indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] are the better option to predict RUE, biomass, and IPAR, and indices related to gas exchange, non-photochemical quenching [photochemical reflectance index (PRI)] and senescence [structural-insensitive pigment index (SIPI)] are better predictors for these traits at the vegetative and grain-filling stages, respectively. These models will be instrumental to explain canopy processes, improve crop growth and yield modelling, and potentially be used to predict RUE in different crops or ecosystems.

ACS Style

Carlos A Robles-Zazueta; Gemma Molero; Francisco Pinto; M John Foulkes; Matthew P Reynolds; Erik H Murchie. Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 2021, 72, 3756 -3773.

AMA Style

Carlos A Robles-Zazueta, Gemma Molero, Francisco Pinto, M John Foulkes, Matthew P Reynolds, Erik H Murchie. Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2021; 72 (10):3756-3773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos A Robles-Zazueta; Gemma Molero; Francisco Pinto; M John Foulkes; Matthew P Reynolds; Erik H Murchie. 2021. "Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10: 3756-3773.

Review
Published: 20 April 2021 in Trends in Plant Science
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Asymmetry of investment in crop research leads to knowledge gaps and lost opportunities to accelerate genetic gain through identifying new sources and combinations of traits and alleles. On the basis of consultation with scientists from most major seed companies, we identified several research areas with three common features: (i) relatively underrepresented in the literature; (ii) high probability of boosting productivity in a wide range of crops and environments; and (iii) could be researched in ‘precompetitive' space, leveraging previous knowledge, and thereby improving models that guide crop breeding and management decisions. Areas identified included research into hormones, recombination, respiration, roots, and source–sink, which, along with new opportunities in phenomics, genomics, and bioinformatics, make it more feasible to explore crop genetic resources and improve breeding strategies.

ACS Style

Matthew Reynolds; Owen K. Atkin; Malcolm Bennett; Mark Cooper; Ian C. Dodd; M. John Foulkes; Claus Frohberg; Graeme Hammer; Ian R. Henderson; Bingru Huang; Viktor Korzun; Susan R. McCouch; Carlos D. Messina; Barry J. Pogson; Gustavo A. Slafer; Nicolas L. Taylor; Peter E. Wittich. Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity. Trends in Plant Science 2021, 26, 607 -630.

AMA Style

Matthew Reynolds, Owen K. Atkin, Malcolm Bennett, Mark Cooper, Ian C. Dodd, M. John Foulkes, Claus Frohberg, Graeme Hammer, Ian R. Henderson, Bingru Huang, Viktor Korzun, Susan R. McCouch, Carlos D. Messina, Barry J. Pogson, Gustavo A. Slafer, Nicolas L. Taylor, Peter E. Wittich. Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity. Trends in Plant Science. 2021; 26 (6):607-630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Reynolds; Owen K. Atkin; Malcolm Bennett; Mark Cooper; Ian C. Dodd; M. John Foulkes; Claus Frohberg; Graeme Hammer; Ian R. Henderson; Bingru Huang; Viktor Korzun; Susan R. McCouch; Carlos D. Messina; Barry J. Pogson; Gustavo A. Slafer; Nicolas L. Taylor; Peter E. Wittich. 2021. "Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity." Trends in Plant Science 26, no. 6: 607-630.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2021 in Plants
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Wheat crop experiences high temperature stress during flowering and grain-filling stages, which is termed as “terminal heat stress”. Characterizing genotypes for adaptive traits could increase their selection for better performance under terminal heat stress. The present study evaluated the morpho-physiological traits of two spring wheat cultivars (Millet-11, Punjab-11) and two advanced lines (V-07096, V-10110) exposed to terminal heat stress under late sowing. Early maturing Millet-11 was used as heat-tolerant control. Late sowing reduced spike length (13%), number of grains per spike (10%), 1000-grain weight (13%) and biological yield (15–20%) compared to timely sowing. Nonetheless, higher number of productive tillers per plant (19–20%) and grain yield (9%) were recorded under late sowing. Advanced lines and genotype Punjab-11 had delayed maturity and better agronomic performance than early maturing heat-tolerant Millet-11. Advanced lines expressed reduced canopy temperature during grain filling and high leaf chlorophyll a (20%) and b (71–125%) contents during anthesis under late sowing. All wheat genotypes expressed improved stem water-soluble carbohydrates under terminal heat stress that were highest for heat-tolerant Millet-11 genotype during anthesis. Improved grain yield was associated with the highest chlorophyll contents showing stay green characteristics with maintenance of high photosynthetic rates and cooler canopies under late sowing. The results revealed that advanced lines and Punjab-11 with heat adaptive traits could be promising source for further use in the selection of heat-tolerant wheat genotypes.

ACS Style

Hafeez Rehman; Absaar Tariq; Imran Ashraf; Mukhtar Ahmed; Adele Muscolo; Shahzad Basra; Matthew Reynolds. Evaluation of Physiological and Morphological Traits for Improving Spring Wheat Adaptation to Terminal Heat Stress. Plants 2021, 10, 455 .

AMA Style

Hafeez Rehman, Absaar Tariq, Imran Ashraf, Mukhtar Ahmed, Adele Muscolo, Shahzad Basra, Matthew Reynolds. Evaluation of Physiological and Morphological Traits for Improving Spring Wheat Adaptation to Terminal Heat Stress. Plants. 2021; 10 (3):455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafeez Rehman; Absaar Tariq; Imran Ashraf; Mukhtar Ahmed; Adele Muscolo; Shahzad Basra; Matthew Reynolds. 2021. "Evaluation of Physiological and Morphological Traits for Improving Spring Wheat Adaptation to Terminal Heat Stress." Plants 10, no. 3: 455.

Research article
Published: 27 February 2021 in Plant Biotechnology Journal
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To feed an ever‐increasing population we must leverage advances in genomics and phenotyping to harness the variation in wheat breeding populations for traits like photosynthetic capacity which remains unoptimized. Here we survey a diverse set of wheat germplasm containing elite, introgression and synthetic derivative lines uncovering previously uncharacterized variation. We demonstrate how strategic integration of exotic material alleviates the D genome genetic bottleneck in wheat, increasing SNP rate by 62% largely due to Ae. tauschii synthetic wheat donors. Across the panel, 67% of the Ae. tauschii donor genome is represented as introgressions in elite backgrounds. We show how observed genetic variation together with hyperspectral reflectance data can be used to identify candidate genes for traits relating to photosynthetic capacity using association analysis. This demonstrates the value of genomic methods in uncovering hidden variation in wheat and how that variation can assist breeding efforts and increase our understanding of complex traits.

ACS Style

Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Benedict Coombes; Laura‐Jayne Gardiner; Carolina Rivera‐Amado; Francisco J. Piñera‐Chávez; John R. Evans; Robert T. Furbank; Matthew P. Reynolds; Anthony Hall. Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2021, 19, 1537 -1552.

AMA Style

Ryan Joynson, Gemma Molero, Benedict Coombes, Laura‐Jayne Gardiner, Carolina Rivera‐Amado, Francisco J. Piñera‐Chávez, John R. Evans, Robert T. Furbank, Matthew P. Reynolds, Anthony Hall. Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2021; 19 (8):1537-1552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Benedict Coombes; Laura‐Jayne Gardiner; Carolina Rivera‐Amado; Francisco J. Piñera‐Chávez; John R. Evans; Robert T. Furbank; Matthew P. Reynolds; Anthony Hall. 2021. "Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat." Plant Biotechnology Journal 19, no. 8: 1537-1552.

Original research article
Published: 17 February 2021 in Crop Science
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Lodging affects grain quality and grain yield in wheat and is difficult to breed for because its sporadic incidence and laborious protocols to measure lodging traits. Thus, developing molecular markers for these traits can increase selection efficiency in breeding programs. The aim of this paper was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with stem/anchorage strength and leverage traits (lodging traits) in a doubled‐haploid population of UK bread wheat Avalon × Cadenza. Field experiments were conducted in the UK during 2012–13 near High Mowthorpe and during 2013–2014 at Sutton Bonington. Phenotypic and genetic analysis indicated significant genetic variation for all traits. Stem strength (diameter, wall width and material strength) and leverage (plant height) traits were highly heritable (0.64 – 0.95) whereas anchorage strength traits (root plate spread and structural rooting depth) and ear number per plant (leverage trait) were less heritable (0.21 – 0.33). This study identified 18 QTLs for lodging traits and grain yield in chromosomes 1D, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4D, 5B and 6B. Two QTLs for stem strength on chromosome 1D and 3B explaining 49.6% of the total phenotypic variation (PVE) are estimated to reduce stem lodging risk as well as shortening the plant height by 12 cm. One QTL for root plate spread on chromosome 5B explaining 22.4% of the PVE could increase root lodging resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Francisco J. Piñera‐Chavez; Peter M. Berry; Michael J. Foulkes; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew P. Reynolds. Identifying quantitative trait loci for lodging‐associated traits in the wheat doubled‐haploid population Avalon × Cadenza. Crop Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Francisco J. Piñera‐Chavez, Peter M. Berry, Michael J. Foulkes, Sivakumar Sukumaran, Matthew P. Reynolds. Identifying quantitative trait loci for lodging‐associated traits in the wheat doubled‐haploid population Avalon × Cadenza. Crop Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco J. Piñera‐Chavez; Peter M. Berry; Michael J. Foulkes; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew P. Reynolds. 2021. "Identifying quantitative trait loci for lodging‐associated traits in the wheat doubled‐haploid population Avalon × Cadenza." Crop Science , no. : 1.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 07 January 2021 in Environmental Research Letters
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most widely grown food crop in the world threatened by future climate change. In this study, we simulated climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for wheat globally using new crop genetic traits (CGT), including increased heat tolerance, early vigor to increase early crop water use, late flowering to reverse an earlier anthesis in warmer conditions, and the combined traits with additional nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications, as an option to maximize genetic gains. These simulations were completed using three wheat crop models and five Global Climate Models (GCM) for RCP 8.5 at mid-century. Crop simulations were compared with country, US state, and US county grain yield and production. Wheat yield and production from high-yielding and low-yielding countries were mostly captured by the model ensemble mean. However, US state and county yields and production were often poorly reproduced, with large variability in the models, which is likely due to poor soil and crop management input data at this scale. Climate change is projected to decrease global wheat production by -1.9% by mid-century. However, the most negative impacts are projected to affect developing countries in tropical regions. The model ensemble mean suggests large negative yield impacts for African and Southern Asian countries where food security is already a problem. Yields are predicted to decline by -15% in African countries and -16% in Southern Asian countries by 2050. Introducing CGT as an adaptation to climate change improved wheat yield in many regions, but due to poor nutrient management, many developing countries only benefited from adaptation from CGT when combined with additional N fertilizer. As growing conditions and the impact from climate change on wheat vary across the globe, region-specific adaptation strategies need to be explored to increase the possible benefits of adaptations to climate change in the future.

ACS Style

Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno; Ixchel Manuela Hernandez-Ochoa; Matthew Reynolds; Kai Sonder; Anabel Molero-Milan; Richard D Robertson; Marta da Silva Sabino Lopes; Wei Xiong; Martin Kropff; Senthold Asseng. Climate impact and adaptation to heat and drought stress of regional and global wheat production. Environmental Research Letters 2021, 16, 054070 .

AMA Style

Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno, Ixchel Manuela Hernandez-Ochoa, Matthew Reynolds, Kai Sonder, Anabel Molero-Milan, Richard D Robertson, Marta da Silva Sabino Lopes, Wei Xiong, Martin Kropff, Senthold Asseng. Climate impact and adaptation to heat and drought stress of regional and global wheat production. Environmental Research Letters. 2021; 16 (5):054070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno; Ixchel Manuela Hernandez-Ochoa; Matthew Reynolds; Kai Sonder; Anabel Molero-Milan; Richard D Robertson; Marta da Silva Sabino Lopes; Wei Xiong; Martin Kropff; Senthold Asseng. 2021. "Climate impact and adaptation to heat and drought stress of regional and global wheat production." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 5: 054070.

Regular article
Published: 30 October 2020 in New Phytologist
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•Wheat is the most widely grown crop globally, providing 20 % of all human calories and protein. Achieving step changes in genetic yield potential is crucial to ensure food security, but efforts are thwarted by an apparent trade‐off between grain size and number. Expansins are proteins that play important roles in plant growth by enhancing stress relaxation in the cell wall, which constrains cell expansion. •Here, we describe how targeted over‐expression of an α‐expansin in early developing wheat seeds leads to a significant increase in grain size without a negative effect on grain number, resulting in a yield boost under field conditions. •The best‐performing transgenic line yielded 12.3 % higher average grain weight than the control, and this translated to an increase in grain yield of 11.3 % in field experiments using an agronomically appropriate plant density. •This targeted transgenic approach provides an opportunity to overcome a common bottleneck to yield improvement across many crops.

ACS Style

Daniel F. Calderini; Francisca M. Castillo; Anita Arenas‐M; Gemma Molero; Matthew P. Reynolds; Melanie Craze; Sarah Bowden; Matthew J. Milner; Emma J. Wallington; Adam Dowle; Leonardo D. Gomez; Simon J. McQueen‐Mason. Overcoming the trade‐off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential. New Phytologist 2020, 230, 629 -640.

AMA Style

Daniel F. Calderini, Francisca M. Castillo, Anita Arenas‐M, Gemma Molero, Matthew P. Reynolds, Melanie Craze, Sarah Bowden, Matthew J. Milner, Emma J. Wallington, Adam Dowle, Leonardo D. Gomez, Simon J. McQueen‐Mason. Overcoming the trade‐off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential. New Phytologist. 2020; 230 (2):629-640.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel F. Calderini; Francisca M. Castillo; Anita Arenas‐M; Gemma Molero; Matthew P. Reynolds; Melanie Craze; Sarah Bowden; Matthew J. Milner; Emma J. Wallington; Adam Dowle; Leonardo D. Gomez; Simon J. McQueen‐Mason. 2020. "Overcoming the trade‐off between grain weight and number in wheat by the ectopic expression of expansin in developing seeds leads to increased yield potential." New Phytologist 230, no. 2: 629-640.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Grain filling may be limited by the joint source and sink capacity in modern wheat cultivars, indicating a need to research the co−limitation of yield by both photosynthesis and the number and potential size of grains. The extent to which the post−anthesis source may be limiting final grain size can be estimated by partial degraining of spikes, while defoliation and shading treatments can be useful to estimate if any excess photosynthetic capacity exists. In the current study, degraining was applied to a set of 26 elite spring wheat cultivars from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)’s core germplasm (CIMCOG) panel, while lamina defoliation and shading through stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatments were applied to a subset of the same cultivars. Responses to source treatments in grain weight, pre−anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, dry-matter translocation efficiency, and flag-leaf and spike photosynthetic rate were measured and compared to an unmanipulated control treatment. Grain weight responses to degraining among cultivars ranged from no response to increases of 28%, suggesting a range of responses from sink limitation, to probable source and sink co−limitation of grain growth. Grain weight’s response to degraining increased linearly with the years of cultivar release from 1966 to 2009, indicating that the current highest yield potential CIMMYT spring wheats have a co−limitation of grain growth by source and sink. This may have been due to an increase in grain sink strength with years of cultivar release with no commensurate increase in post−anthesis source capacity. The relatively low decreases in grain weight with defoliation compared to decreases in light interception by defoliation indicated that sink limitation was still likely predominating in the cultivars with co−limitation. The stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatment decreased grain weight by nearly 10%, indicating that stem-and-leafsheath photosynthesis plays a key role in grain growth during grain filling. In addition, pre−anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight was increased by ca. 50% in response to lamina defoliation. Our results showed that increasing the post−anthesis source capacity, through increases in stem-and-leaf-sheath photosynthetic rate during grain filling and pre−anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, is an important objective in enhancing yield potential in wheat through maintaining a source–sink balance.

ACS Style

Carolina Rivera-Amado; Gemma Molero; Eliseo Trujillo-Negrellos; Matthew Reynolds; John Foulkes. Estimating Organ Contribution to Grain Filling and Potential for Source Upregulation in Wheat Cultivars with a Contrasting Source−Sink Balance. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1527 .

AMA Style

Carolina Rivera-Amado, Gemma Molero, Eliseo Trujillo-Negrellos, Matthew Reynolds, John Foulkes. Estimating Organ Contribution to Grain Filling and Potential for Source Upregulation in Wheat Cultivars with a Contrasting Source−Sink Balance. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (10):1527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carolina Rivera-Amado; Gemma Molero; Eliseo Trujillo-Negrellos; Matthew Reynolds; John Foulkes. 2020. "Estimating Organ Contribution to Grain Filling and Potential for Source Upregulation in Wheat Cultivars with a Contrasting Source−Sink Balance." Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1527.

Original research
Published: 18 September 2020 in Food and Energy Security
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Pressures of population growth and climate change require the development of resilient higher yielding crops, particularly to drought. A spring wheat diversity panel was developed to combine high‐yield potential with resilience. To assess performance under drought, which in many environments is intermittent and dependent on plant development, 150 lines were grown with drought imposed for 10 days either at jointing or at anthesis stages in Obregon, Mexico. Both drought treatments strongly reduced grain numbers compared with the fully irrigated check. Best performers under drought at jointing had more grain than poor performers, while best performers under drought at anthesis had larger grain than poor performers. Most high‐yielding lines were high yielding in one drought environment only. However, some of the best‐performing lines displayed yield potential and resilience across two environments (28 lines), particularly for yield under well‐watered and drought at jointing, where yield was most related to grain numbers. Strikingly, only three lines were high yielding across all three environments, and interestingly, these lines had high grain numbers. Among parameters measured in leaves and grain, leaf relative water content did not correlate with yield, and proline was negatively correlated with yield; there were small but significant relationships between leaf sugars and yield. This study provides a valuable resource for further crosses and for elucidating genes and mechanisms that may contribute to grain number and grain filling conservation to combine yield potential and drought resilience.

ACS Style

Cara A. Griffiths; Matthew P. Reynolds; Matthew J. Paul. Combining yield potential and drought resilience in a spring wheat diversity panel. Food and Energy Security 2020, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Cara A. Griffiths, Matthew P. Reynolds, Matthew J. Paul. Combining yield potential and drought resilience in a spring wheat diversity panel. Food and Energy Security. 2020; 9 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cara A. Griffiths; Matthew P. Reynolds; Matthew J. Paul. 2020. "Combining yield potential and drought resilience in a spring wheat diversity panel." Food and Energy Security 9, no. 4: 1.

Preprint content
Published: 09 September 2020
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Future grain yield (GY) improvements require the identification of beneficial traits within the context of high yield potential and not just based on the pleiotropic effect of traits such as crop height and heading date. We evaluated 1937 lines from Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population derived from 13 bi-parental varietal crosses under field conditions. We selected 493 lines with similar time to anthesis to that of the two checks used in the study (across and within each family) which reduced the range of plant height in the selected lines. Yield components were measured in these 493 lines from which 231 lines were selected by excluding lines with lowest number of grains so excluded low yielding lines. Later the subset of 231 lines were evaluated in two field experiments (2016-17, CS1 and 2017-18, CS2). Numerical and physiological components of grain yield were measured. The two-step selection maximised GY within an acceptable range of variation for height and anthesis. GY in 231 lines showed very high GxE interaction. Taking both seasons together, we selected lines from upper and lower quartile GY groups to identify stable beneficial trait combinations for improved GY. Differences in GY were explained by grain number driven by increased spike dry weight at anthesis (SDWa) and fruiting efficiency (FE). Increased GY was accompanied by sink limitation. The data points towards increases in grain number as the route towards future GY increases in wheat breeding.

ACS Style

Priyanka Basavaraddi; Roxana Savin; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew Reynolds; Simon Griffiths; Gustavo Slafer. Genotypic differences in wheat yield determinants within a NAM population based on elite parents. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Priyanka Basavaraddi, Roxana Savin, Sivakumar Sukumaran, Matthew Reynolds, Simon Griffiths, Gustavo Slafer. Genotypic differences in wheat yield determinants within a NAM population based on elite parents. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Priyanka Basavaraddi; Roxana Savin; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew Reynolds; Simon Griffiths; Gustavo Slafer. 2020. "Genotypic differences in wheat yield determinants within a NAM population based on elite parents." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 08 July 2020
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Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) signalling regulates carbon use and allocation and is a target to improve crop yields. However, the specific contributions of trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPP) genes to source- and sink-related traits remain largely unknown. We used exome-capture sequencing on TPS and TPP genes to estimate and partition the genetic variation of yield-related traits in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) breeding panel with diverse genetic heritage. Twelve phenotypes were directly correlated to TPS and TPP genes including final biomass (source) and spikes and grain numbers and grain filling traits (sink) showing indications of both positive and negative gene selection. Additionally, individual genes explained a substantial proportion of heritability (e.g. 3, 12, and 18% of the variance in gene homeologues most closely related to Arabidopsis TPS1 for final biomass), indicating a considerable contribution of this regulatory pathway to the phenotypic variation. Most importantly, two significant missense point mutations in the exon 6 of the TPS1 gene on chromosome 1D substantially increased plant height and peduncle length which was inversely related to grains per m2. Gene-based prediction resulted in significant gains of predictive ability (6% improvement) for grain weight when gene effects were combined with the whole genome markers, potentially helping breeding programs in designing strategic crosses. Three TPS1 homeologues were particularly significant in trait variation. Our study has generated a wealth of information on the role of natural variation of TPS and TPP genes related to yield potential.

ACS Style

Danilo Hottis Lyra; Cara A Griffiths; Amy Watson; Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Alina-Andrada Igna; Keywan Hassani-Pak; Matthew P Reynolds; Anthony Halll; Matthew J Paul. Gene-based mapping of trehalose biosynthetic pathway genes reveals association with source- and sink-related yield traits in a spring wheat panel. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Danilo Hottis Lyra, Cara A Griffiths, Amy Watson, Ryan Joynson, Gemma Molero, Alina-Andrada Igna, Keywan Hassani-Pak, Matthew P Reynolds, Anthony Halll, Matthew J Paul. Gene-based mapping of trehalose biosynthetic pathway genes reveals association with source- and sink-related yield traits in a spring wheat panel. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danilo Hottis Lyra; Cara A Griffiths; Amy Watson; Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Alina-Andrada Igna; Keywan Hassani-Pak; Matthew P Reynolds; Anthony Halll; Matthew J Paul. 2020. "Gene-based mapping of trehalose biosynthetic pathway genes reveals association with source- and sink-related yield traits in a spring wheat panel." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2020 in Field Crops Research
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Future increases in yield potential will rely largely on improved photosynthesis. Whereas emphasis has traditionally been given to measuring leaf photosynthesis, wheat spikes have an important role in filling grains since they can intercept up to a third of incident light. In the present study, 196 genetically diverse spring wheat lines were evaluated for spike photosynthesis (SP) under temperate (yield potential) and heat stressed, irrigated conditions. Two different methods to estimate SP were used: (i) gas exchange measurements of SP rate and (ii) integrative measurements using a SP inhibition treatment (consisting of a permeable textile covering the spikes). Rate of SP was measured directly in 45 selected genotypes under yield potential conditions using a custom-made illuminating chamber. In these lines, a variation of 2.8-fold for spike photosynthetic rate is reported for the first time with good heritability estimates. Correlations between SP rate and yield, thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike and radiation use efficiency are reported across different panels. Genotypic variation in SP was independent from flag leaf photosynthesis suggesting that any strategy aiming to increase canopy photosynthesis should also consider SP. The SP inhibition treatments were applied on the 196 lines in both environments to estimate SP contribution to grain weight per spike, which was 30–40 % under both heat stressed and yield potential conditions averaged across lines. Positive correlations with grain yield were observed for spike photosynthesis contribution across all of the panels under heat stress and when combining heat and yield potential environments (P < 0.001, r = 0.401). These results indicate a highly significant genotypic variation of spike photosynthetic rate and spike photosynthesis contribution to grain yield among wheat lines and highlight its importance under irrigated and heat stressed conditions.

ACS Style

Gemma Molero; Matthew P. Reynolds. Spike photosynthesis measured at high throughput indicates genetic variation independent of flag leaf photosynthesis. Field Crops Research 2020, 255, 107866 .

AMA Style

Gemma Molero, Matthew P. Reynolds. Spike photosynthesis measured at high throughput indicates genetic variation independent of flag leaf photosynthesis. Field Crops Research. 2020; 255 ():107866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma Molero; Matthew P. Reynolds. 2020. "Spike photosynthesis measured at high throughput indicates genetic variation independent of flag leaf photosynthesis." Field Crops Research 255, no. : 107866.

Preprint content
Published: 15 June 2020 in bioRxiv
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To feed an ever-increasing population we must leverage advances in genomics and phenotyping to harness the variation in wheat breeding populations for traits like photosynthetic capacity which remains unoptimized. Here we survey a diverse set of wheat germplasm containing elite, introgression and synthetic derivative lines uncovering previously uncharacterised variation. We demonstrate how strategic integration of exotic material alleviates the D genome genetic bottleneck in wheat, increasing SNP rate by 62% largely due to Ae. tauschii synthetic wheat donors. Across the panel, 67% of the Ae. tauschii donor genome is represented as introgressions in elite backgrounds. We show how observed genetic variation together with hyperspectral reflectance data can be used to identify candidate genes for traits relating to photosynthetic capacity using association analysis. This demonstrates the value of genomic methods in uncovering hidden variation in wheat and how that variation can assist breeding efforts and increase our understanding of complex traits.

ACS Style

Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Benedict Coombes; Laura-Jayne Gardiner; Carolina Rivera-Amado; Francisco J Piñera-Chávez; John R Evans; Robert T Furbank; Matthew P Reynolds; Anthony Hall. Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat. bioRxiv 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Ryan Joynson, Gemma Molero, Benedict Coombes, Laura-Jayne Gardiner, Carolina Rivera-Amado, Francisco J Piñera-Chávez, John R Evans, Robert T Furbank, Matthew P Reynolds, Anthony Hall. Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat. bioRxiv. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan Joynson; Gemma Molero; Benedict Coombes; Laura-Jayne Gardiner; Carolina Rivera-Amado; Francisco J Piñera-Chávez; John R Evans; Robert T Furbank; Matthew P Reynolds; Anthony Hall. 2020. "Uncovering candidate genes involved in photosynthetic capacity using unexplored genetic variation in Spring Wheat." bioRxiv , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 18 January 2020 in Plant Science
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The word phenotyping can nowadays invoke visions of a drone or phenocart moving swiftly across research plots collecting high-resolution data sets on a wide array of traits. This has been made possible by recent advances in sensor technology and data processing. Nonetheless, more comprehensive often destructive phenotyping still has much to offer in breeding as well as research. This review considers the ‘breeder friendliness’ of phenotyping within three main domains: (i) the ‘minimum data set’, where being ‘handy’ or accessible and easy to collect and use is paramount, visual assessment often being preferred; (ii) the high throughput phenotyping (HTP), relatively new for most breeders, and requiring significantly greater investment with technical hurdles for implementation and a steeper learning curve than the minimum data set; (iii) detailed characterization or ‘precision’ phenotyping, typically customized for a set of traits associated with a target environment and requiring significant time and resources. While having been the subject of debate in the past, extra investment for phenotyping is becoming more accepted to capitalize on recent developments in crop genomics and prediction models, that can be built from the high-throughput and detailed precision phenotypes. This review considers different contexts for phenotyping, including breeding, exploration of genetic resources, parent building and translational research to deliver other new breeding resources, and how the different categories of phenotyping listed above apply to each. Some of the same tools and rules of thumb apply equally well to phenotyping for genetic analysis of complex traits and gene discovery.

ACS Style

Matthew Reynolds; Scott Chapman; Leonardo Abdiel Crespo Herrera; Gemma Molero; Suchismita Mondal; Diego N.L. Pequeno; Francisco Pinto; Francisco J. Pinera-Chavez; Jesse Poland; Carolina Rivera-Amado; Carolina Saint Pierre; Sivakumar Sukumaran. Breeder friendly phenotyping. Plant Science 2020, 295, 110396 .

AMA Style

Matthew Reynolds, Scott Chapman, Leonardo Abdiel Crespo Herrera, Gemma Molero, Suchismita Mondal, Diego N.L. Pequeno, Francisco Pinto, Francisco J. Pinera-Chavez, Jesse Poland, Carolina Rivera-Amado, Carolina Saint Pierre, Sivakumar Sukumaran. Breeder friendly phenotyping. Plant Science. 2020; 295 ():110396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Reynolds; Scott Chapman; Leonardo Abdiel Crespo Herrera; Gemma Molero; Suchismita Mondal; Diego N.L. Pequeno; Francisco Pinto; Francisco J. Pinera-Chavez; Jesse Poland; Carolina Rivera-Amado; Carolina Saint Pierre; Sivakumar Sukumaran. 2020. "Breeder friendly phenotyping." Plant Science 295, no. : 110396.

Original research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Crop Science
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Notwithstanding the rapid development of high‐throughput genotyping platforms in recent years, several plant research programs find themselves in a dilemma of which marker system to use while conducting genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection. To gain insight into this, we genotyped an elite spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) association mapping initiative (WAMI, 287 lines) panel with various array‐based platforms—(i) Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT), (ii) Illumina Infinium BeadChip wheat 9K iSelect (I9K), and (iii) wheat 90K iSelect (I90K)—and sequencing‐based platform DArTseq. The raw markers refined using a common set of protocols after the bioinformatics analysis were compared by performing a series of genetic analyses: estimates of genetic diversity through nucleotide diversity (π), population structure and familial relatedness, marker‐trait associations (MTAs), and genomic prediction. Results indicated that genetic data from DArTseq consisted of a high proportion of rare allele markers (1% < minor allele frequency < 5%). The nucleotide diversity statistic (π) was higher for the array‐based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) than sequencing‐based SNPs. The I9K detected population structure caused by the variety ‘Kauz’ and grouped the population into two subgroups, whereas I90K, DArT, and DArTseq detected five subgroups driven by key pedigrees. The I90K with the highest marker density identified a high number of significant MTAs. Genomic prediction accuracy varied among traits; DArTseq and I90K produced similar prediction accuracies. Among the marker platforms compared, I90K was the best genotyping platform for GWAS, and DArTseq—given the low cost per SNP—was the best platform for genomic prediction in spring wheat.

ACS Style

Caiyun Liu; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Diego Jarquin; Jose Crossa; Susanne Dreisigacker; Carolina Sansaloni; Matthew Reynolds. Comparison of array‐ and sequencing‐based markers for genome‐wide association mapping and genomic prediction in spring wheat. Crop Science 2020, 60, 211 -225.

AMA Style

Caiyun Liu, Sivakumar Sukumaran, Diego Jarquin, Jose Crossa, Susanne Dreisigacker, Carolina Sansaloni, Matthew Reynolds. Comparison of array‐ and sequencing‐based markers for genome‐wide association mapping and genomic prediction in spring wheat. Crop Science. 2020; 60 (1):211-225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caiyun Liu; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Diego Jarquin; Jose Crossa; Susanne Dreisigacker; Carolina Sansaloni; Matthew Reynolds. 2020. "Comparison of array‐ and sequencing‐based markers for genome‐wide association mapping and genomic prediction in spring wheat." Crop Science 60, no. 1: 211-225.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in The Crop Journal
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Kunpu Zhang; Junjun Wang; Huanju Qin; Zhiying Wei; Libo Hang; Pengwei Zhang; Matthew Paul Reynolds; Daowen Wang. Assessment of the individual and combined effects of Rht8 and Ppd-D1a on plant height, time to heading and yield traits in common wheat. The Crop Journal 2019, 7, 845 -856.

AMA Style

Kunpu Zhang, Junjun Wang, Huanju Qin, Zhiying Wei, Libo Hang, Pengwei Zhang, Matthew Paul Reynolds, Daowen Wang. Assessment of the individual and combined effects of Rht8 and Ppd-D1a on plant height, time to heading and yield traits in common wheat. The Crop Journal. 2019; 7 (6):845-856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kunpu Zhang; Junjun Wang; Huanju Qin; Zhiying Wei; Libo Hang; Pengwei Zhang; Matthew Paul Reynolds; Daowen Wang. 2019. "Assessment of the individual and combined effects of Rht8 and Ppd-D1a on plant height, time to heading and yield traits in common wheat." The Crop Journal 7, no. 6: 845-856.

Original article
Published: 04 October 2019 in Theoretical and Applied Genetics
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Genetic control of grain yield and phenology was examined in the Excalibur/Kukri doubled haploid mapping population grown in 32 field experiments across the climatic zones of southern Australia, India and north-western Mexico where the wheat crop experiences drought and heat stress. A total of 128 QTL were identified for four traits: grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), days to heading and grain filling duration. These QTL included 24 QTL for yield and 27 for TGW, showing significant interactions with the environment (Q * E). We also identified 14 QTL with a significant, small main effects on yield across environments. The study focussed on a region of chromosome 1B where two main effect QTL were found for yield and TGW without the confounding effect of phenology. Excalibur was the source of favourable alleles: QYld.aww-1B.2 with a peak at 149.5–150.1 cM and QTgw.aww-1B at 168.5–171.4 cM. We developed near isogenic lines (NIL) for the interval including QYld.aww-1B.2 and QTgw.aww-1B and evaluated them under semi-controlled conditions. Significant differences in four pairs of NIL were observed for grain yield but not for TGW, confirming a positive effect of the Excalibur allele for QYld.aww-1B.2. The interval containing QYld.aww-1B.2 was narrowed down to 2.9 cM which corresponded to a 2.2 Mbp genomic region on the chromosome 1B genomic reference sequence of cv. Chinese Spring and contained 39 predicted genes.

ACS Style

Habtamu Tura; James Edwards; Vijay Gahlaut; Melissa Garcia; Beata Sznajder; Ute Baumann; Fahimeh Shahinnia; Matthew Paul Reynolds; Peter Langridge; Harindra Singh Balyan; Pushpendra K. Gupta; Thorsten Schnurbusch; Delphine Fleury. QTL analysis and fine mapping of a QTL for yield-related traits in wheat grown in dry and hot environments. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2019, 133, 239 -257.

AMA Style

Habtamu Tura, James Edwards, Vijay Gahlaut, Melissa Garcia, Beata Sznajder, Ute Baumann, Fahimeh Shahinnia, Matthew Paul Reynolds, Peter Langridge, Harindra Singh Balyan, Pushpendra K. Gupta, Thorsten Schnurbusch, Delphine Fleury. QTL analysis and fine mapping of a QTL for yield-related traits in wheat grown in dry and hot environments. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019; 133 (1):239-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Habtamu Tura; James Edwards; Vijay Gahlaut; Melissa Garcia; Beata Sznajder; Ute Baumann; Fahimeh Shahinnia; Matthew Paul Reynolds; Peter Langridge; Harindra Singh Balyan; Pushpendra K. Gupta; Thorsten Schnurbusch; Delphine Fleury. 2019. "QTL analysis and fine mapping of a QTL for yield-related traits in wheat grown in dry and hot environments." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 133, no. 1: 239-257.

Article
Published: 30 August 2019 in Molecular Breeding
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Seri/Babax spring wheat RIL population was developed to minimize the confounding effect of phenology in the genetic dissection of abiotic stress traits. An existing linkage map (< 500 markers) was updated with 6470 polymorphic Illumina iSelect 90K array and DArTseq SNPs to a genetic map of 5576.5 cM with 1748 non-redundant markers (1165 90K SNPs, 207 DArTseq SNPs, 183 AFLP, 111 DArT array, and 82 SSR) assigned to 31 linkage groups. We conducted QTL mapping for yield and related traits phenotyped in several major wheat growing areas in Egypt, Sudan, Iran, India, and Mexico (nine environments: heat, drought, heat plus drought, and yield potential). QTL analysis identified 39 (LOD 2.5–23.6; PVE 4.8–21.3%), 36 (LOD 2.5–15.4; PVE 2.9–21.4%), 30 (LOD 2.5–13.1; PVE 3.6–26.8%), 39 (LOD 2.7–14.4; PVE 2.6–15.9%), and 22 (LOD 2.8–4.8; PVE 6.8–12.9%) QTLs for grain yield, thousand-grain weight, grain number, days to heading, and plant height, respectively. The present study confirmed QTLs from previous studies and identified novel QTLs. QTL analysis based on high-yielding and low-yielding environmental clusters identified 11 QTLs (LOD 2.6–14.9; PVE 2.7–19.7%). The updated map thereby provides a better genome coverage (3.5-fold) especially on the D genome (4-fold), higher density (1.1-fold), and a good collinearity with the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 genome, and increased the number of detected QTLs (5-fold) compared with the earlier map. This map serves as a useful genomic resource for genetic analyses of important traits on this wheat population that was widely distributed around the world.

ACS Style

Caiyun Liu; Mehdi Khodaee; Marta S. Lopes; Carolina Sansaloni; Susanne Dreisigacker; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew Reynolds. Multi-environment QTL analysis using an updated genetic map of a widely distributed Seri × Babax spring wheat population. Molecular Breeding 2019, 39, 134 .

AMA Style

Caiyun Liu, Mehdi Khodaee, Marta S. Lopes, Carolina Sansaloni, Susanne Dreisigacker, Sivakumar Sukumaran, Matthew Reynolds. Multi-environment QTL analysis using an updated genetic map of a widely distributed Seri × Babax spring wheat population. Molecular Breeding. 2019; 39 (9):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caiyun Liu; Mehdi Khodaee; Marta S. Lopes; Carolina Sansaloni; Susanne Dreisigacker; Sivakumar Sukumaran; Matthew Reynolds. 2019. "Multi-environment QTL analysis using an updated genetic map of a widely distributed Seri × Babax spring wheat population." Molecular Breeding 39, no. 9: 134.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Nature Plants
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A comprehensive analysis of genetic gains in winter wheat, spanning 50 years of breeding and conducted under a wide range of cropping systems, validates the inherent efficiency of breeding for optimal environments.

ACS Style

Matthew Reynolds; Hans Braun. Benefits to low-input agriculture. Nature Plants 2019, 5, 652 -653.

AMA Style

Matthew Reynolds, Hans Braun. Benefits to low-input agriculture. Nature Plants. 2019; 5 (7):652-653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Reynolds; Hans Braun. 2019. "Benefits to low-input agriculture." Nature Plants 5, no. 7: 652-653.