An algorithm of the stochastic simulation of the separation of emulsified oil from water in coalescer apparatuses with oleophilic corrugated plates allowing one to take into account almost all factors affecting the separation of polydispersed emulsions is presented. The algorithm and the program developed based on it can be used for the calculation and design of industrial thin-film coalescers of various configurations. The importation of geometry models from a Kompas-3D three-dimensional editor allows one to specify any geometry of the apparatus, while the use of the FlowVision software complex for the solution of three-dimensional equations of the dynamics of a liquid and gas allows one to obtain a realistic pattern of the flow of an emulsion in the channels between the plates. The performed laboratory and pilot tests of the coalescer showed the good agreement between the suggested mathematical model and the experimental results.

This experimental review discusses evolutionarily approved, naturally pre-designed skeletal architectures of marine keratosan sponges in the form of 3D scaffolds, which have garnered increasing interest in the fields of structural and functional biomimetics as well as in tissue engineering. It has been demonstrated that these renewable, ready-to-use natural scaffolds can undergo further modifications through specialized treatments such as metallization and carbonization, enabling the creation of functional biomaterials while maintaining the species-specific hierarchical 3D structure. The study presented remarkable findings, including the demonstration of the unique shape-memory behavior of these scaffolds even after two months of exposure to high mechanical pressure at temperatures exceeding 100 °C. Additionally, the cytocompatibility and biological performance of natural and carbonized (1200 °C) spongin scaffolds, derived from selected bath sponges, were comparatively investigated with respect to growth and proliferation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells. Understanding whether carbonization universally enhances osteogenic capabilities or selectively amplifies the inherent architectural advantages remains to be critical for the rational design of sponge-derived scaffolds in bone and structural tissue engineering applications.

The object of research is the process of obtaining silicon nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries of energy storage devices, and the subject of research is the technology of gas-phase plasma-chemical synthesis for the production of Si-nanoparticles. In the course of the study, numerical simulation methods were used, which made it possible to determine the parameters of temperature fields, velocities and concentrations. To study the processes of synthesis of nanopowders, a plasma reactor with an electric arc plasma torch of a linear scheme and using an argon-hydrogen mixture as a plasma-forming gas was developed. To analyze the influence of an external magnetic field on the control of the plasma jet parameters, a series of experiments was carried out using an electric arc plasma torch on plasma laboratory facilities with a power of 30 and 150 kW. The influence of a magnetic field on the process of formation and evaporation of a gas-powder flow in a plasma jet was studied by determining the configuration, geometric dimensions, and structure of the initial section of the jet. In this case, the dispersed material – silicon powder was fed to the plasma torch nozzle section according to the radial scheme. Experimental confirmation of the phenomenon of elongation of the high-temperature initial section of the plasma jet in a longitudinal magnetic field has been obtained. The experimental results indicate that the creation of a peripheral gas curtain significantly changes the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in the reactor. It should be expected that for optimization it is possible to exclude the deposition of nanosilicon particles on the walls of the reactor and provide conditions for continuous operation. The effect of two-phase flow, heat transfer, and mass flow of nanoparticles, including the surface of a plasma reactor with limited jet flow, in the processes of obtaining silicon nanopowders has been studied. This made it possible to correct a number of technological characteristics of the process of constructive design of the actions of plasma synthesis of nanopowders. The patterns obtained can be used for constructive and technological design in the creation and development of a pilot plant for high-performance production of nanosilicon powders.

The object of research is a new, potentially effective and practical process for the decontamination of radioactive soil, based on combination of plasma hydroseparation and plasma activation. The cleaning effect is ensured by the destruction of the bonds of radionuclides with soil particles due to a series of electrophysical discharges at which active particles and shock waves appear. In a designed setup, the process of plasma-chemical treatment is implemented in a plasma cell with a self-sustaining pulsating mode of burning an electric discharge, which occurs in an aqueous solution. The setup realizes a resonant increase in the intensity of shock waves, turbulence and multiple expansion of the core, such that the expansion of the plasma-liquid interface becomes a real basis for scaling up the setup. Regardless of the material of the electrodes and in a wide range of electrical conductivity (measured from 100 to 5,000 μS/cm), the restructuring of the combustion regime is accompanied by an increase in the size and stabilization of the luminous zone, fragmentation of bubbles, and an increase in the rate of their evacuation from the discharge zone. The main factors of such a restructuring are the channel dimensions and temperature of the solution. Various materials of the walls of plasma-chemical reactor have been tested: plexiglass, ceramics and stainless steel with the thickness of 2 mm. The maximum increase in the amplitude of resonance oscillations depends on the cell radius. A dynamic pressure, which in an individual discharge is about 5–15 mm of the water column at the mouth of the discharge, increases to 150–200 mm of the water column at the bottom of the plasma cell at resonance. An increase in efficiency is achieved by an optimal choice of the duration of the current phase and the distance between the electrodes, which is 15–30 mm. The voltage drop is 70–80 % across the spark discharge, the rest falls across the solution. The transition of the discharge to a periodic pulsating current mode with an increase in the temperature of the solution has been found. Tests on a mobile plasma-chemical facility for the process of plasma co-precipitation of radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs and ⁹⁰Sr with ferrocyanide sorbents under real conditions of hydroseparation of contaminated soil from fields around the Fukushima Daiichi have shown a decrease in organic substances in water by 40 times, and of radioactivity by 75 times.

Purpose. To study the highly productive evaporation of aluminum micron powder in an atmospheric pressure plasma jet for the synthesis of nanoaluminum. Using special plasma technology, nanoparticles can be produced by rapid melting and evaporation of the initial micrometer particles and their subsequent re-nucleation. Research methods. Methods of mathematical and computer modeling of subsonic plasma turbulent jets at atmospheric pressure and experimental studies of two-phase processes during thermal plasma treatment using an arc plasma torch. Results. Based on computer modeling, a special reactor system was designed and developed, which includes a plasma-jet reactor with an electric arc plasma torch for the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles. Numerical modeling makes it possible to determine the position of the melting point, evaporation and crushing of a molten particle, the evolution of the fractional composition of the dispersed phase, and find the speed and temperature of the particle in the area from its melting point to the crushing point. An experimental test of the operation of the reactor system was carried out using arc plasma torches with a power of 30 and 150 kW. It has been shown that intensifying the fragmentation of dispersed raw materials in a plasma jet can be useful in technologies for producing nanomaterials. The consequence of the fragmentation process is the redistribution of the fractional composition of the powder along the plasma jet and the accompanying changes in the dynamics of movement, heating and evaporation of particles. It has been determined that when the temperature of the largest aluminum particles reaches 2500 C, the total amount of evaporated mass is theoretically equal to 100%. The main parameters influencing the behavior of particles in a plasma jet are particle diameter, powder injection rate, flow rate, temperature and composition of the plasma gas. Taking these parameters into account will allow the process to operate at increased productivity. Scientific novelty. A mathematical description of the process of fragmentation a polydisperse powder, based on a continuum approach, has been obtained, which makes it possible to determine the position of the crushing point of a molten particle, the fractional composition of the dispersed phase, and find the speed and temperature of the particle in the area from its melting point to the point of crushing and evaporation. It was shown for the first time that it is possible to carry out a process in which complete evaporation of a molten drop is achieved due to the high enthalpy of the plasma before the end of mixing with steam. Practical value. A special reactor system has been designed and developed, which includes a plasma-jet reactor with an electric arc plasmatron for the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles. The operating parameters of the reactor system have been determined, which will allow the synthesis of aluminum nanoparticles to be carried out with high productivity.