Today, urbanisation and environmental changes are increasingly influencing the social and biological landscape of our planet. This systematic review aims to assess the relationship between urban–architectural and socioeconomic factors and vector concentrations in the urban environment. Following the Preferred Reporting Methodology for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries were screened for studies conducted in urban contexts and those involving only arboviruses and potential exposure to arboviral vectors in urban environments, published from the beginning to 22 April 2025. Out of a total of 171 identified studies, 132 were selected for further analysis. Of these, 14 studies were eligible. The included studies reported different ways of measuring vector density and different considerations of the urban–architectural or socio-demographic factors related to it. The studies were set in different urban contexts: Asia, Central and South America, Africa and Oceania. Among the vector species, Aedes aegypti was the most analysed, often with Aedes albopictus. Socioeconomic status emerges as a determining factor. Low-income areas experience higher mosquito densities due to overcrowding, sub-optimal infrastructure, and environmental neglect. This review highlights the importance of implementing a standardised and effective global approach in urban health planning.

The Italian National Prevention Plan (NPP) 2020–2025 calls for a joint action on environmental and urban determinants of health. The recent reforms of primary health care (DM 77/2022) highlight the role of communities and Local Health Authorities in the promotion of health in everyday settings. However, practical tools which link prevention planning to small-scale urban transformations still remain poorly described. This study explores how international approaches to children’s school-travel and urban participatory practice in street design can guide the next cycle of the NPP. An extensive review of the available international grey literature and technical guidelines identified ten operational documents (toolkits, guidelines and practice-oriented reports) addressing two categories of interventions: (1) school-travel and “school streets” schemes and (2) tactical urbanism and placemaking initiatives. Each document was then evaluated using an adapted Urban HEART framework, expanded with a sixth domain, “Applicability to the Italian National Health Service”. They all scored qualitatively (1–5) across the six domains. The analysis shows consistently high scores for Health, Physical Environment, Participation and Governance, particularly with regard to school street toolkits and child-friendly street design guides. Equity and formal links to health-system planning and evaluation remain less systematically developed. Overall, findings suggest that school-travel interventions and child-centred placemaking around the schools are closely aligned with the logic and tools outlined in the NPP. These could be considered as potential prevention actions in the future NPP cycles, provided that explicit health outcomes, minimum indicators and stable intersectoral governance arrangements are co-designed with the Local Health Authorities.

Introduction: Ecological networks (ENs) are critical frameworks designed to protect biodiversity, enhance habitat connectivity, and provide ecosystem services in fragmented landscapes. Urban ecological networks (UENs) adapt this concept to address the challenges posed by urbanization, habitat fragmentation, and climate change. Methods: This systematic review follows the PRISMA methodology, with the search strategy applied across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles published until 29 July 2025, were evaluated based on their alignment with One Health domains: human, animal, and ecosystem health. The included studies underwent independent review and quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: Only nine of the 228 articles that were found satisfied the requirements for inclusion. These studies examined UENs’ effects on biodiversity, species migration, and climate resilience but lacked direct evaluation of human health impacts. Key findings highlighted the role of ecological corridors in improving habitat connectivity, promoting biodiversity, and mitigating climate-related fragmentation. Conclusions: While UENs show significant potential to enhance biodiversity and urban resilience, their direct impacts on human health remain underexplored. Future interdisciplinary research should focus on quantifying these links and integrating UENs into urban planning to address ecological and Public Health challenges under a One Health framework.