Droplet coalescence at interfaces affects industrial and natural processes. Previous studies focused on droplet stability and thin film drainage. We use meticulous experiments to infer the evolution of coalescence for both ascending and descending droplets under different conditions. Images show the anticipatory deformation of the interface and dimple formation during the approach phase. While the droplet rests at the interface, the two surfaces interact through the draining thin film, and the effective interfacial tension can be higher than twice the interfacial tension between the two fluids, suggesting not only concurrent action but also potential changes in interfacial tension in thin films. Following the film breakage, the unbalanced force propels the droplet into the continuous phase, i.e., the slingshot effect. Multiple droplets may coexist at the interface and collectively contribute to its deformation, which in turn pushes the droplets together. The various stages of droplet coalescence are influenced by the droplet and host fluid viscosities, densities, interfacial tension, size, and initial interface curvature.

Inorganic scale deposition in crude oil–water transport trunklines is a formidable flow assurance challenge, uniquely exacerbated in extensive gathering networks where multiple production flowlines commingle multiphase fluids. As some fields experience progressively higher water cuts, the mixing of incompatible waters, characterized by diverse thermodynamic profiles and varying concentrations of scaling ions (Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, ${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-}$, etc.) triggers severe precipitation. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes seminal and contemporary studies to critically evaluate the state-of-the-art methodologies for assessing scaling risks in these intricate systems. Progressing chronologically and thematically, the analysis details the transition from static, bulk-fluid thermodynamic equilibrium calculations to dynamic, high-fidelity deterministic and probabilistic approaches. These advanced frameworks include Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and Machine Learning (ML) architectures. Special emphasis is placed on the mathematical governing equations that dictate trunkline-specific phenomena: multi-stream commingling, non-isothermal gradients, probabilistic kinetic induction, and the profound impact of turbulent transport (turbophoresis) on crystal attachment and wall shear detachment. Finally, an integrated, multi-tier flow assurance workflow is proposed to guide future field-scale risk management and digital twin deployment.

This work describes an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of silver-based nanostructures through a green route using Aloe vera extract as a reducing agent, silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as a precursor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 10 kDa molecular weight) as a stabilizing agent. The formation of these structures was supported by UV–Vis spectroscopy, where a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band was observed between 425 and 460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed predominantly spherical features in the 300–500 nm range; however, the distinction between primary nanoparticles and aggregates cannot be conclusively established from SEM alone. EDX analysis indicated a silver content of 59.96 wt%. Antibacterial assays performed in Z8 medium demonstrated a reduction in cyanobacterial growth with increasing dosage, with complete inhibition observed at ≥20 $\mu$L (nominal MIC = 1.77 mg mL⁻¹, based on precursor estimation). Total dissolved solids and absorbance measurements exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing concentration (effect size = 0.87, $p<0.001$), supporting an inhibitory effect under the tested conditions. These findings suggest potential antibacterial activity. However, this study should be considered exploratory, and further work is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Corrosion poses a critical challenge to the oil and gas industry, particularly in systems exposed to acidic and high-salinity environments. This study evaluates eggshell powder, a biowaste-derived material, as a green corrosion inhibitor for type N80 carbon steel under conditions representative of acidic and brine environments. Its performance was systematically assessed through weight loss testing, micro-indentation hardness measurements, and numerical electrochemical modeling. N80 steel coupons were exposed to 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 2 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions, with and without 6 g/L of eggshell powder, for 6 days. Corrosion rates determined from mass loss showed substantial protection in the acidic medium, decreasing from 18.8 to 2.1 mm/year and corresponding to an inhibition efficiency of 90 %. In brine, the effect was more moderate, with a 14 % reduction in the corrosion rate. Micro-indentation analysis confirmed that inhibitor-treated samples retained at least 85 % of the hardness of unexposed steel in acid, whereas untreated samples exhibited severe mechanical degradation. The results suggest that corrosion protection arises from a combined mechanism involving the formation of a calcium carbonate barrier, stabilization of the corrosion product layer, and possible scavenging of aggressive chloride ions. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of eggshell powder as a viable and sustainable candidate for corrosion mitigation in harsh industrial environments.