Extreme climatic events, global warming, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, water, air and soil pollution, major accidents have made the issues of environmental change in the environment and the impact on environmental insecurity has become the center of security analysis. The notion of energy security is constantly changing, as is the attitude towards the complex strategic activities that they entail. National security strategies did not include environmental security considerations until the end of the Cold War. Population growth, globalization and general technological and economic progress have led to a drastic increase in natural resources, the provision of energy sources to supply the economy and citizens is on the map of the most important geostrategic and geopolitical issues. Climate change and the issue of environmental protection have posed new challenges for the energy sector. Energy is the basis of modern life, from heating the household to driving a car, which is why its provision is vital for any national security.

Energy insecurity, the lack of reliable, affordable, and safe energy, represents a growing but underexamined determinant of public health. This paper offers a multi-dimensional analysis of how energy insecurity affects health outcomes through interrelated physical, economic, and behavioral pathways. Drawing on interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks and a narrative synthesis of literature from both high-income and low- and middle-income countries, the study reveals that energy insecurity contributes to a wide spectrum of adverse outcomes, including respiratory illnesses, mental health issues, increased hospitalization rates, and social isolation. These impacts disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, reinforcing structural inequalities in health and energy access. By applying a systems thinking perspective, the paper highlights the cyclical nature of energy-related deprivation and its entanglement with housing conditions, economic hardship, and psychosocial stress. The findings underscore the need to reframe energy access as a critical component of health equity and advocate for integrated, justice-centered policies that bridge the divide between the energy and health sectors. The study concludes by calling for greater empirical research, particularly in underrepresented regions, and the incorporation of health-focused strategies into energy transition planning.

The initial definition of the theoretical concept of energy justice did not assume that it would be evaluated over time and become a conceptual framework that is applicable and can be materialized in practice. In fact, energy justice is today an instrument used to protect human rights in all elements of the energy sector and the energy transition. Although we talk about the energy transition in a positive connotation, a path towards something better and a change for the better, it can also have negative consequences. That continuous weighing between benefits and risks and the question of whether renewable energy will be available to everyone and at what price, and how it will affect consumers, gives the transition a much broader context in which it also has a great responsibility, and that belongs to the domain of energy justice. Also, the role of energy justice in the heterogeneous and layered relationship of migration and climate change is emphasized, because the consequences of the development of the energy system in the construction of production and consumption patterns were oft en unjust, and on the other hand, population displacement has the ability to seriously disrupt the economic prosperity and security of people. Therefore, the research of the multiple implications of energy justice in the process of energy transition and its outcomes can contribute to its fairness and the initiation of responsibility and protection.

Background: Outdoor physical activity encompassing structured exercise, recreational activities, and environmentally facilitated movement, during pregnancy may confer benefits through both exercise and exposure to natural environments and sunlight. However, evidence on maternal health outcomes remains heterogeneous and has not been systematically mapped. This scoping review aimed to synthesize research on outdoor physical activity and nature-based environmental exposure during pregnancy, and their associations with maternal metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health outcomes, as well as pregnancy-related outcomes. Methods: The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between January 2013 and February 2026. Records were screened against predefined eligibility criteria. Methodological quality was assessed with design-specific tools: PEDro for randomized controlled trials; the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort and case–control studies; and JBI and CASP checklists for cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, pilot, and qualitative studies. Results: Of 935 identified records, 22 met the eligibility criteria. Outdoor exposure was operationalized through structured outdoor programs (mainly walking-based), self-reported outdoor activity patterns, and environmental indicators such as residential greenness and neighborhood walkability. Outcomes clustered into metabolic and cardiometabolic measures, mental health indicators, pregnancy and birth outcomes, and behavioral or environmental determinants of physical activity. Overall, most studies (17 of 22) reported at least one positive association, with the most consistent evidence for metabolic outcomes and mental health, whereas pregnancy and birth outcomes yielded more heterogeneous results. Conclusions: Outdoor physical activity and supportive natural or built environments may be associated with favorable maternal metabolic and mental health during pregnancy. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in exposure assessment and study design limits comparability and constrains causal inference. Future research should standardize outdoor exposure metrics and apply designs capable of isolating environmental effects from exercise alone.