Context . Within pristine chondrites, chondrules and a fine-grained matrix are the dominant components; however, their genetic relationship remains unresolved. Specifically, during chondrule formation through multiple heating events, recycling of chondritic materials was inevitable, yet its influence on elemental distributions between chondrules and the residual material that ultimately became the matrix remains poorly understood. Aims . We aim to evaluate how recycling processes influence the chemical relationship between chondrules and matrix in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites and the parent body evolution. Methods . We performed systematic major and trace element analyses of silicate minerals, chondrule mesostasis, and matrix in nine unequilibrated ordinary chondrites using an in situ analytical technique, combined with numerical simulations to model recycling processes and parent body evolution. Results . Our analytical results show that chondrule mesostasis exhibits the lowest Mg/Si ratios, followed by the matrix and chondrule silicates. Both mesostasis and matrix display similar enrichment patterns in incompatible elements, although matrix compositions vary widely among samples. These observations suggest that recycling was accompanied by compositional sorting, leading to differential reincorporation of mesostasis- and silicate-derived fragments. Numerical simulations further reproduce (1) the chemical divergence between chondrules and matrix, (2) variable enrichment of incompatible elements in the matrix, and (3) heavy-isotope enrichment of moderately volatile elements. In addition, sorting during accretion likely resulted in variable Al abundances among chondrite parent bodies, thereby influencing the duration and extent of their thermal evolution. Conclusions . Early-stage recycling coupled with compositional sorting played a key role in establishing the chemical diversity of materials accreting to planetesimals and exerted a fundamental control on their thermal evolution in the early Solar System.

Phosphatic deposits from the Lower Cambrian Pedroche Formation (Sierra de Córdoba, Spain) provide key insights into early diagenetic mineralization processes during the Cambrian radiation. This study applies an integrated multi-analytical approach combining Raman spectroscopy, SEM–EDS, LA-ICP-MS, and ToF-SIMS to investigate mineralogical, elemental, and molecular signatures of phosphatized bioclastic carbonates and associated siliciclastic facies from the Los Lagares-1 borehole. Results reveal a systematic phosphatization gradient from carbonate-dominated skeletal rims to phosphate-rich interiors composed of carbonate fluorapatite with variable carbonate and hydroxyl substitution. Trace-element systematics and REE patterns indicate seawater-influenced phosphogenesis under suboxic porewater conditions, coupled to iron reduction and early diagenetic clay mineral formation. In contrast, the siliciclastic siltstone facies preserves poorly crystalline phosphate phases associated with detrital aluminosilicates and chlorite, reflecting distinct porewater chemistry and crystallization kinetics. ToF-SIMS mapping demonstrates spatial coupling between fluorine and phosphate within fossil structures, confirming fluorapatite formation and localized organic matter entombment. These results highlight the strong control of host lithology on phosphate crystallization pathways and trace-element redistribution, and provide new constraints on microbially mediated phosphogenesis in restricted Early Cambrian reef–lagoon systems along the northern Gondwanan margin.