In addition to the fact that most renewable energies such as solar and wind energy have become more competitive in the global energy market, thanks to the great development in conversion technologies, it believes that renewable energy can play a crucial role in global environmental issues. However, in Palestine, the situation is different from anywhere else; renewable energy is not only an economic option, but an absolute necessity to get out of the energy crisis that Palestinian cities suffer from long years ago and continue nowadays.The cornerstone of the present research is focusing on the availability of renewable energy resources in Jenin Governorate (JG)—West Bank (WB)—Palestine. Two-year time-series of hourly solar, wind, biomass, and 1-year hourly electrical load data are used in the analysis in this paper. The energy potentials were estimated using System Advisor Model software (SAM), and the optimum combination and sizing of the hybrid renewable energy system were determined using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER). The proposed Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) consists of an 80 MW PV solar field, 66 MW wind farm, and 50 MW biomass system with an initial investment of $323 M. The proposed HRES generates 389 GWh/yr and is enough to meet 100% of the electrical demand of JG (372 GWh/yr) with excess in electricity generation of about 4.57% and the unmeet electric load is about 109.6 MWh/yr which is equivalent to less than 2 h off in a year. The estimated Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) was found as 0.313 $/kWh.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are frequently exposed to partial or complete shading phenomena. Partial shading has a profound impact on the performance of solar power generation. The operational performance of PV arrays under partial shading shows multiple maximum power point peaks, therefore it is challenging to identify the actual maximum power point. This paper investigates the impact of partial shading location on the output power of solar photovoltaic arrays with various configurations. Multiple photovoltaic strings, in both parallel and series configurations, are considered. Different random shading patterns are considered and analyzed to determine which configuration has higher maximum power point. The sensitivity of the partial shading can change according to the partial shading types, shading pattern, and the configuration used to connect all PV modules. Moreover, the study also investigates the output of the PV array with shading two random models, two consecutive models, and three random and consecutive modules. Experimental results validate the analysis and demonstrate the effect of various partial shading on the eficiency and performance of the PV system.

The photovoltaic (PV) generating system has high potential, since the system is clean, environmental friendly and has secure energy sources. There are two types of PV system, which are grid connected and standalone systems. In the grid connected photovoltaic system (GCPV), PV generator supplies power to the grid, whether or not the whole or a portion of the generated energy will be used to supply load demands. Meanwhile, the standalone photovoltaic system (SAPV) is used to fulfil a load demand that close to its point of use. These days, many researchers study in term of optimization sizing of photovoltaic system, in order to select optimum number of PV modules, inverter, battery storage capacity, and tilt angle. Based on that, this review aims to give explanations on approaches done by previous researchers in order to find ultimate combinations for design parameters. Moreover, the paper discusses on modelling of PV system components, which includes PV panels’ output power estimation and battery system. Finally, simulation softwares that used as sizing tools in previous studies are reviewed and studied.

In this paper the animal breeder in Palestine has many challenges including high feed prices, high-cost input, low-quality pasture, limited access to rangeland with high quality, and high cost of feed. In Tubas and Tulkarm areas, extensive irrigated agriculture is dominant. Large quantities of agricultural by-products are wasted. As one of the important interventions to decrease feeding costs, the study focused on silage technology adoption from the view of researchers and farmers. It meant using these agricultural by-products to make them beneficial and eatable for the animal. On the one hand, we removed these by-products from the environment and second, we fed to animals and ultimately, we reduced the input cost of animal feed. The main objective is to improve dissemination strategies and approaches that promote the adoption of silage technologies by identifying both researcher and farmer perceptions and constraints. A field `survey was conducted targeting 70 farmers (35 have knowledge and practice silage technology and 35 do not) from Tubas and Tulkarm areas. The binary logistic model was used for analysis in SPSS and Excel was used for data analysis. The main finding was that age and education play a very important role in the level of adoption, both have negative effects, and access to credit and land tenure may increase the chance of adoption. farming experience has a less negative impact on the level of adoption, while family size has also a negative impact, family size also affects the level of adoption. People in the targeted area try to diversify their income and educated people to leave their parents, either settle outside or come home at the weekend. The study recommended that being a member of a community-based organization increases your chance of access to new technology and increases your chance of adoption. Public awareness and approaches to CBO are crucial for the adoption of this technology. The size of the herd is important for adoption and cost analysis.

Solar energy industries require an accurate estimation of global solar irradiation particularly on inclined planes. This improves the accuracy of the sizing procedures and optimizes the performance of the solar energy platforms as photovoltaic modules and flat-plate solar collectors. A variety of the transposition models have been developed and reportedly determine incidences of solar irradiance on an inclined surface. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding identifying the most promising transposition model, particularly for the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA). Therefore, this article serves two main objectives. Firstly, it compares comprehensively 24 different transposition models. Several statistical methods are used to quantify the performance of the tilted surface transposition models. Furthermore, the transposition models are compared with real, hourly measured time-series data for several Palestinian cities to identify the promising and most accurate model. The analysis was carried out on three bases: annually, monthly, and a clearness index. The transposition models prove their ability to represent the measured data during the annual and monthly analyses, but they all failed to achieve complacency in the clearness index (K_tK_t) for the clear sky condition (K_t > 0.78). Secondly, the article advises a reliable and accurate transposition model for the area of the MENA for clear sky conditions. The proposed model was tested for the sites under investigation, and it produces significantly better performance than the candidate transposition models.