Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductor materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), have attracted considerable interests because of their intriguing optical and electronic properties. Controlled growth of TMDC crystals with large grain size and atomically smooth surface is indeed desirable but remains challenging due to excessive nucleation. Here, we have synthesized high-quality monolayer, bilayer MoSe₂ triangular crystals, and continuous thin films with controlled nucleation density via reverse-flow chemical vapor deposition (CVD). High crystallinity and good saturated absorption performance of MoSe₂ have been systematically investigated and carefully demonstrated. Optimized nucleation and uniform morphology could be achieved via fine-tuning reverse-flow switching time, growth time and temperature, with corresponding growth kinetics proposed. Our work opens up a new approach for controllable synthesis of monolayer TMDC crystals with high yield and reliability, which promote surface/interface engineering of 2D semiconductors towards van der Waals heterostructure device applications.

Tomato quality assessment involves multiple external and internal attributes. Conventional reference methods remain important for accurate characterization but are often destructive, time-consuming, or unsuitable for repeated and online measurements. This review critically examines recent advances in nondestructive sensing technologies for tomato quality evaluation and organizes them according to sensing mechanism. Electromagnetic and optical techniques are assessed for their ability to characterize surface, compositional, spectral, and physiological information, while mechanical and tactile sensing approaches are discussed in relation to firmnes. Electrical and emerging sensors further extend quality assessment toward bioelectrical properties, volatile profiles, and other physicochemical changes. Particular attention is given to information fusion and multimodal sensing, with emphasis on the distinction between homogeneous spectral fusion and heterogeneous integration of physically complementary modalities. Future research should therefore prioritize complementary sensor selection, independent cross-condition validation, calibration transfer, interpretable modeling, system miniaturization, and standardized implementation in sorting, storage, and postharvest monitoring. In general, the transition from isolated laboratory models to transferable and operational quality-monitoring systems remains a central challenge for nondestructive tomato sensing.

As a prominent frontier in ultrafast laser–matter interaction, femtosecond laser filamentation holds great potential for atmospheric pollutant detection and remote sensing. However, its practical application in the open atmosphere is severely hampered by atmospheric turbulence, which induces beam wander, wavefront distortion, and intensity scintillations. In this study, we numerically investigated the propagation dynamics of femtosecond laser filaments in a turbulent medium and elucidated the underlying physical mechanisms. The results show that, compared to linear propagation, the nonlinear self-guiding effect inherent to filamentation effectively suppresses turbulence-induced beam wander. Furthermore, by employing vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), we significantly suppressed the stochastic generation of multiple filaments, thereby notably improving the stability of long-range filament propagation in complex atmospheric conditions. These findings provide new insights into the physical mechanisms and novel strategies for improving the robustness of laser filamentation technology in real-world turbulent environments.