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Prof. Isaac Ginis
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA

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0 extreme weather
0 tropical cyclones
0 Storm surges
0 Tropical cyclone-ocean interactions
0 Advancing modeling capabilities to better predict coastal and inland hazards associated with extreme weather events

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Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Renewable Energy
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We simulated and assessed the environmental forces including wave and wind loads generated by the most extreme historical hurricanes in the US northeast within the proposed offshore/planned wind farms: Hurricane Carol in 1954, and 1938 New England hurricane. Offshore wind energy industry is on the verge of rapid growth off the US east coast. Development of wind energy projects in this area requires a comprehensive assessment of hurricane risks in planning and operation stages. In this study, we used an ocean modeling system (COAWST: Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave Sediment Transport) to better understand and characterize hurricane-generated loads within the planned wind farm sites offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The COAWST model was first validated using observed data and then applied to hurricanes with return periods of around 500-year (recommended by IEC 61400-3-1). Hurricane Carol and 1938 hurricane were simulated using a parametric model which generated the peak wind speeds of 49 m/s and 45 m/s in the area that led to significant wave heights of 11.90 m and 9.80 m, respectively. .Spatial variability of the wind and wave loads within the proposed sites were assessed. Further, the effects of these variabilities on the structural response of a typical monopile were demonstrated using the OpenFAST Model. Results showed up to 60% spatial variability of hurricane loads in the leased areas. Results demonstrated the need of using advanced ocean modeling systems for planning and operation of wind farms as opposed to traditional statistical methods such as measure and correlate for site characterization.

ACS Style

M.Reza Hashemi; Boma Kresning; Javad Hashemi; Isaac Ginis. Assessment of hurricane generated loads on offshore wind farms; a closer look at most extreme historical hurricanes in New England. Renewable Energy 2021, 175, 593 -609.

AMA Style

M.Reza Hashemi, Boma Kresning, Javad Hashemi, Isaac Ginis. Assessment of hurricane generated loads on offshore wind farms; a closer look at most extreme historical hurricanes in New England. Renewable Energy. 2021; 175 ():593-609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.Reza Hashemi; Boma Kresning; Javad Hashemi; Isaac Ginis. 2021. "Assessment of hurricane generated loads on offshore wind farms; a closer look at most extreme historical hurricanes in New England." Renewable Energy 175, no. : 593-609.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Under tropical cyclones, sea spray is produced by breaking waves and direct disruption of the air-sea interface. The influence of sea spray on tropical cyclone intensity and intensification has not been well understood. There are serious questions regarding the most appropriate methods for the incorporation of sea spray in tropical cyclone models. These include momentum and enthalpy fluxes at the air-sea interface due to spray, the airborne sea-salt particles inducing boundary layer convection and clouds (Woodcock  1958, Spund  et al. 2014), and other related factors. Here, we study the effect of spray on thermodynamics of tropical cyclones using a Volume of Fluid to Discrete Phase (VOF to DPM) transition model. Due to dynamic remeshing, VOF to DPM resolves spray particles ranging in size from tens of micrometers to a few millimeters. The generated water particles that satisfy the condition of asphericity are converted into Lagrangian particles involved in a two-way interaction with the airflow. This model has been partially verified at the UM RSMAS Surge Structure Atmosphere Interaction facility (Vanderplow et al. 2020). A recent addition of the ANSYS Fluent Evaporation-Condensation model also allows us to model spray evaporation and related heat and enthalpy fluxes. A substantial part of the smallest particles was suspended in the turbulent airflow and evaporated, and thus contributed less to the total air-sea enthalpy flux. The temperature of the largest particles was close to the temperature of the water layer, which contributed more to the enthalpy flux. This resembled the effect of negative feedback on the enthalpy flux (Peng and Richter 2019). Results of the numerical simulation showed a dramatic increase of spray generation under major tropical cyclones (Cat. 3-5). Under major tropical cyclones, most sea spray (including large particles-spume) is suspended in the turbulent airflow and is then subject to the negative feedback. Consequently, in major tropical cyclones the effect of sea spray is expected to be more significant in the momentum budget rather than enthalpy flux at the air-sea interface. This result may explain the nearly constant enthalpy exchange coefficient observed in laboratory and oceanic experiments on tropical cyclones. This is also consistent with the formation of an “aerodynamic drag well” around a wind speed of 60 m/s, which can explain the process of rapid storm intensification (Soloviev et al. 2017). 

ACS Style

Alexander Soloviev; Breanna Vanderplow; Roger Lukas; Brian Haus; Muhammad Sami; Isaac Ginis. Sea Spray in Air-Sea Enthalpy and Momentum Exchanges in Tropical Cyclones. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Alexander Soloviev, Breanna Vanderplow, Roger Lukas, Brian Haus, Muhammad Sami, Isaac Ginis. Sea Spray in Air-Sea Enthalpy and Momentum Exchanges in Tropical Cyclones. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Soloviev; Breanna Vanderplow; Roger Lukas; Brian Haus; Muhammad Sami; Isaac Ginis. 2021. "Sea Spray in Air-Sea Enthalpy and Momentum Exchanges in Tropical Cyclones." , no. : 1.

Chapter
Published: 30 December 2020 in Ecology of Tuberculosis in India
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Tropical cyclones are called “hurricanes” in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans, “typhoons” in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, or simply “cyclones” in the Indian Ocean and other ocean basins. Tropical cyclones are one of the most destructive weather systems on earth posing significant social and economic threats to those living in tropical cyclone-prone areas. Scientific advances in observations and understanding the behavior of tropical cyclones have dramatically improved our ability to forecast these dangerous storms. The current and future impacts of global warming on tropical cyclones have great implications for society, especially in coastal regions affected by these extreme storms. Recent studies show that tropical cyclones will intensify more rapidly in the future. Projected sea level rise due to global warming will cause higher coastal inundation levels during storm surges. All these factors will likely exacerbate tropical cyclone hazards for coastal populations in the future.

ACS Style

Isaac Ginis. Tropical Cyclones. Ecology of Tuberculosis in India 2020, 121 -128.

AMA Style

Isaac Ginis. Tropical Cyclones. Ecology of Tuberculosis in India. 2020; ():121-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Ginis. 2020. "Tropical Cyclones." Ecology of Tuberculosis in India , no. : 121-128.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2019 in Geosciences
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The southern New England coast of the United States is particularly vulnerable to land-falling hurricanes because of its east-west orientation. The impact of two major hurricanes on the city of Providence (Rhode Island, USA) during the middle decades of the 20th century spurred the construction of the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier (FPHB) to protect the city from storm surge flooding. Although the Rhode Island/Narragansett Bay area has not experienced a major hurricane for several decades, increased coastal development along with potentially increased hurricane activity associated with climate change motivates an assessment of the impacts of a major hurricane on the region. The ocean/estuary response to an extreme hurricane is simulated using a high-resolution implementation of the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model coupled to the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). The storm surge response in ADCIRC is first verified with a simulation of a historical hurricane that made landfall in southern New England. The storm surge and the hydrological models are then forced with winds and rainfall from a hypothetical hurricane dubbed “Rhody”, which has many of the characteristics of historical storms that have impacted the region. Rhody makes landfall just west of Narragansett Bay, and after passing north of the Bay, executes a loop to the east and the south before making a second landfall. Results are presented for three versions of Rhody, varying in the maximum wind speed at landfall. The storm surge resulting from the strongest Rhody version (weak Saffir–Simpson category five) during the first landfall exceeds 7 m in height in Providence at the north end of the Bay. This exceeds the height of the FPHB, resulting in flooding in Providence. A simulation including river inflow computed from the runoff model indicates that if the Barrier remains closed and its pumps fail (for example, because of a power outage or equipment failure), severe flooding occurs north of the FPHB due to impoundment of the river inflow. These results show that northern Narragansett Bay could be particularly vulnerable to both storm surge and rainfall-driven flooding, especially if the FPHB suffers a power outage. They also demonstrate that, for wind-driven storm surge alone under present sea level conditions, the FPHB will protect Providence for hurricanes less intense than category five.

ACS Style

David S. Ullman; Isaac Ginis; Wenrui Huang; Catherine Nowakowski; Xuanyu Chen; Peter Stempel. Assessing the Multiple Impacts of Extreme Hurricanes in Southern New England, USA. Geosciences 2019, 9, 265 .

AMA Style

David S. Ullman, Isaac Ginis, Wenrui Huang, Catherine Nowakowski, Xuanyu Chen, Peter Stempel. Assessing the Multiple Impacts of Extreme Hurricanes in Southern New England, USA. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (6):265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David S. Ullman; Isaac Ginis; Wenrui Huang; Catherine Nowakowski; Xuanyu Chen; Peter Stempel. 2019. "Assessing the Multiple Impacts of Extreme Hurricanes in Southern New England, USA." Geosciences 9, no. 6: 265.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2018 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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The potential of using ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC) to assess the time incremented progression of hazard impacts on individual critical facilities has long been recognized but is not well described. As ADCIRC is applied to create granular impact models, the lack of transparency in the methods is problematic. It becomes difficult to evaluate the entire system in situations where modeling integrates different types of data (e.g., hydrodynamic and existing geospatial point data) and involves multiple disciplines and stakeholders. When considering increased interest in combining hydrodynamic models, existing geospatial information, and advanced visualizations it is necessary to increase transparency and identify the pitfalls that arise out of this integration (e.g., the inadequacy of data to support the resolution of proposed outputs). This paper thus describes an all numerical method to accomplish this integration. It provides an overview of the generation of the hydrodynamic model, describes the all numerical method utilized to model hazard impacts, identifies pitfalls that arise from the integration of existing geospatial data with the hydrodynamic model, and describes an approach to developing a credible basis for determining impacts at a granular scale. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implementation of these methods as part of a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Integrated Emergency Management Training Course (IEMC) and identifies the need to further study the effects of integrated models and visualizations on risk perception.

ACS Style

Peter Stempel; Isaac Ginis; David Ullman; Austin Becker; Robert Witkop. Real-Time Chronological Hazard Impact Modeling. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2018, 6, 134 .

AMA Style

Peter Stempel, Isaac Ginis, David Ullman, Austin Becker, Robert Witkop. Real-Time Chronological Hazard Impact Modeling. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6 (4):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Stempel; Isaac Ginis; David Ullman; Austin Becker; Robert Witkop. 2018. "Real-Time Chronological Hazard Impact Modeling." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4: 134.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This study investigated and quantified the sensitivity of tropical cyclone (TC) wave simulations in the open ocean to different spatial resolutions ( 1 / 3 ∘ , 1 / 6 ∘ , 1 / 12 ∘ and 1 / 24 ∘ ) using two wave models, WAVEWATCH III (WW3) and Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN). Six idealized TCs of different radii of maximum winds (25 km and 50 km), and of different translation speeds (3 m/s, 6 m/s and 9 m/s) were prescribed to force these two wave models. Results from both models show that the coarsest resolution ( 1 / 3 ∘ ) introduces significant errors in both the significant wave height (SWH) and the mean wavelength. Moreover, results reveal that sensitivity to spatial resolution strongly depends on storm characteristics. Waves simulated under the small (25 km) and fast moving (9 m/s) TC show the largest sensitivity to the coarse spatial resolutions. With the 1 / 3 ∘ resolution, maximum SWH can be underestimated by as much as 6% in WW3 and 16% in SWAN compared to those with the 1 / 24 ∘ resolution. These findings from the idealized TC simulations are further confirmed by wave simulations under a historical storm. Our analysis also demonstrates that spatial smoothing of the input wind field with coarse grids is not the only reason for the errors in wave simulations.

ACS Style

Xuanyu Chen; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. Sensitivity of Offshore Tropical Cyclone Wave Simulations to Spatial Resolution in Wave Models. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2018, 6, 116 .

AMA Style

Xuanyu Chen, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara. Sensitivity of Offshore Tropical Cyclone Wave Simulations to Spatial Resolution in Wave Models. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6 (4):116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuanyu Chen; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. 2018. "Sensitivity of Offshore Tropical Cyclone Wave Simulations to Spatial Resolution in Wave Models." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4: 116.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Journal of Physical Oceanography
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Based on a large-eddy simulation approach, this study investigates the response of the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) and Langmuir turbulence (LT) to extreme wind and complex wave forcing under tropical cyclones (TCs). The Stokes drift vector that drives LT is determined from spectral wave simulations. During maximum TC winds, LT substantially enhances the entrainment of cool water, causing rapid OSBL deepening. This coincides with relatively strong wave forcing, weak inertial currents, and shallow OSBL depth , measured by smaller ratios of , where denotes a Stokes drift decay length scale. LT directly affects a near-surface layer whose depth is estimated from enhanced anisotropy ratios of velocity variances. During rapid OSBL deepening, is proportional to , and LT efficiently transports momentum in coherent structures, locally enhancing shear instabilities in a deeper shear-driven layer, which is controlled by LT. After the TC passes, inertial currents are stronger and is greater while is shallower and proportional to . During this time, the LT-affected surface layer is too shallow to directly influence the deeper shear-driven layer, so that both layers are weakly coupled. At the same time, LT reduces surface currents that play a key role in the surface energy input at a later stage. These two factors contribute to relatively small TKE levels and entrainment rates after TC passage. Therefore, our study illustrates that inertial currents need to be taken into account for a complete understanding of LT and its effects on OSBL dynamics in TC conditions.

ACS Style

Dong Wang; Tobias Kukulka; Brandon Reichl; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Peter Sullivan. Interaction of Langmuir Turbulence and Inertial Currents in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer under Tropical Cyclones. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2018, 48, 1921 -1940.

AMA Style

Dong Wang, Tobias Kukulka, Brandon Reichl, Tetsu Hara, Isaac Ginis, Peter Sullivan. Interaction of Langmuir Turbulence and Inertial Currents in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer under Tropical Cyclones. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 2018; 48 (9):1921-1940.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Wang; Tobias Kukulka; Brandon Reichl; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Peter Sullivan. 2018. "Interaction of Langmuir Turbulence and Inertial Currents in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer under Tropical Cyclones." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 9: 1921-1940.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2016 in Monthly Weather Review
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Tropical cyclones are fueled by the air–sea heat flux, which is reduced when the ocean surface cools due to mixed layer deepening and upwelling. Wave-driven Langmuir turbulence can significantly modify these processes. This study investigates the impact of sea-state-dependent Langmuir turbulence on the three-dimensional ocean response to a tropical cyclone in coupled wave–ocean simulations. The Stokes drift is computed from the simulated wave spectrum using the WAVEWATCH III wave model and passed to the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model. The Langmuir turbulence impact is included in the vertical mixing of the ocean model by adding the Stokes drift to the shear of the vertical mean current and by including Langmuir turbulence enhancements to the K-profile parameterization (KPP) scheme. Results are assessed by comparing simulations with explicit (sea-state dependent) and implicit (independent of sea state) Langmuir turbulence parameterizations, as well as with turbulence driven by shear alone. The results demonstrate that the sea-state-dependent Langmuir turbulence parameterization significantly modifies the three-dimensional ocean response to a tropical cyclone. This is due to the reduction of upwelling and horizontal advection where the near-surface currents are reduced by Langmuir turbulence. The implicit scheme not only misses the impact of sea-state dependence on the surface cooling, but it also misrepresents the impact of the Langmuir turbulence on the Eulerian advection. This suggests that explicitly resolving the sea-state-dependent Langmuir turbulence will lead to increased accuracy in predicting the ocean response in coupled tropical cyclone–ocean models.

ACS Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara; Biju Thomas; Tobias Kukulka; Dong Wang. Impact of Sea-State-Dependent Langmuir Turbulence on the Ocean Response to a Tropical Cyclone. Monthly Weather Review 2016, 144, 4569 -4590.

AMA Style

Brandon G. Reichl, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara, Biju Thomas, Tobias Kukulka, Dong Wang. Impact of Sea-State-Dependent Langmuir Turbulence on the Ocean Response to a Tropical Cyclone. Monthly Weather Review. 2016; 144 (12):4569-4590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara; Biju Thomas; Tobias Kukulka; Dong Wang. 2016. "Impact of Sea-State-Dependent Langmuir Turbulence on the Ocean Response to a Tropical Cyclone." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 12: 4569-4590.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Journal of Physical Oceanography
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The Stokes drift of surface waves significantly modifies the upper-ocean turbulence because of the Craik–Leibovich vortex force (Langmuir turbulence). Under tropical cyclones the contribution of the surface waves varies significantly depending on complex wind and wave conditions. Therefore, turbulence closure models used in ocean models need to explicitly include the sea state–dependent impacts of the Langmuir turbulence. In this study, the K-profile parameterization (KPP) first-moment turbulence closure model is modified to include the explicit Langmuir turbulence effect, and its performance is tested against equivalent large-eddy simulation (LES) experiments under tropical cyclone conditions. First, the KPP model is retuned to reproduce LES results without Langmuir turbulence to eliminate implicit Langmuir turbulence effects included in the standard KPP model. Next, the Lagrangian currents are used in place of the Eulerian currents in the KPP equations that calculate the bulk Richardson number and the vertical turbulent momentum flux. Finally, an enhancement to the turbulent mixing is introduced as a function of the nondimensional turbulent Langmuir number. The retuned KPP, with the Lagrangian currents replacing the Eulerian currents and the turbulent mixing enhanced, significantly improves prediction of upper-ocean temperature and currents compared to the standard (unmodified) KPP model under tropical cyclones and shows improvements over the standard KPP at constant moderate winds (10 m s−1).

ACS Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Dong Wang; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Tobias Kukulka. Langmuir Turbulence Parameterization in Tropical Cyclone Conditions. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2016, 46, 863 -886.

AMA Style

Brandon G. Reichl, Dong Wang, Tetsu Hara, Isaac Ginis, Tobias Kukulka. Langmuir Turbulence Parameterization in Tropical Cyclone Conditions. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 2016; 46 (3):863-886.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Dong Wang; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Tobias Kukulka. 2016. "Langmuir Turbulence Parameterization in Tropical Cyclone Conditions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 3: 863-886.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2014 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
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ACS Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis. Sea state dependence of the wind stress over the ocean under hurricane winds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2014, 119, 30 -51.

AMA Style

Brandon G. Reichl, Tetsu Hara, Isaac Ginis. Sea state dependence of the wind stress over the ocean under hurricane winds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 2014; 119 (1):30-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brandon G. Reichl; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis. 2014. "Sea state dependence of the wind stress over the ocean under hurricane winds." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, no. 1: 30-51.

Report
Published: 30 September 2007 in Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST
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The long term goal of this project is to provide a new set of parameterizations of air-sea fluxes, which can be used as boundary conditions for high-resolution numerical models of ocean, atmosphere, and coupled ocean/atmosphere systems. The new parameterizations will be constructed based on physical processes of the exchange of mass, momentum, heat, moisture, energy at the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, and will be valid for the whole range of wind speeds.

ACS Style

Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Stephen E. Belcher. Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST. Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST 2007, 1 .

AMA Style

Tetsu Hara, Isaac Ginis, Stephen E. Belcher. Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST. Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST. 2007; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Stephen E. Belcher. 2007. "Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST." Physics-based Parameterizations of Air-sea Fluxes at High Winds Extension of CBLAST , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2004 in Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
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The effect of surface waves on air–sea momentum exchange over mature and growing seas is investigated by combining ocean wave models and a wave boundary layer model. The combined model estimates the wind stress by explicitly calculating the wave-induced stress. In the frequency range near the spectral peak, the NOAA/ NCEP surface wave model WAVEWATCH-III is used to estimate the spectra, while the spectra in the equilibrium range are determined by an analytical model. This approach allows for the estimation of the drag coefficient and the equivalent surface roughness for any surface wave fields. Numerical experiments are performed for constant winds from 10 to 45 m s−1 to investigate the effect of mature and growing seas on air–sea momentum exchange. For mature seas, the Charnock coefficient is estimated to be about 0.01 ∼ 0.02 and the drag coefficient increases as wind speed increases, both of which are within the range of previous observational data. With growing seas, results for winds less than 30 m s−1 show that the drag coefficient is larger for younger seas, which is consistent with earlier studies. For winds higher than 30 m s−1, however, results show a different trend; that is, very young waves yield less drag. This is because the wave-induced stress due to very young waves makes a small contribution to the total wind stress in very high wind conditions.

ACS Style

Il-Ju Moon; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Stephen E. Belcher; Hendrik L. Tolman. Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part I: Effect of Mature and Growing Seas. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2004, 61, 2321 -2333.

AMA Style

Il-Ju Moon, Tetsu Hara, Isaac Ginis, Stephen E. Belcher, Hendrik L. Tolman. Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part I: Effect of Mature and Growing Seas. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 2004; 61 (19):2321-2333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Il-Ju Moon; Tetsu Hara; Isaac Ginis; Stephen E. Belcher; Hendrik L. Tolman. 2004. "Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part I: Effect of Mature and Growing Seas." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 19: 2321-2333.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2004 in Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
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Present parameterizations of air–sea momentum flux at high wind speed, including hurricane wind forcing, are based on extrapolation from field measurements in much weaker wind regimes. They predict monotonic increase of drag coefficient (Cd) with wind speed. Under hurricane wind forcing, the present numerical experiments using a coupled ocean wave and wave boundary layer model show that Cd at extreme wind speeds strongly depends on the wave field. Higher, longer, and more developed waves in the right-front quadrant of the storm produce higher sea drag; lower, shorter, and younger waves in the rear-left quadrant produce lower sea drag. Hurricane intensity, translation speed, as well as the asymmetry of wind forcing are major factors that determine the spatial distribution of Cd. At high winds above 30 m s−1, the present model predicts a significant reduction of Cd and an overall tendency to level off and even decrease with wind speed. This tendency is consistent with recent observational, experimental, and theoretical results at very high wind speeds.

ACS Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part II: Behavior of Drag Coefficient under Tropical Cyclones. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2004, 61, 2334 -2348.

AMA Style

Il-Ju Moon, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara. Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part II: Behavior of Drag Coefficient under Tropical Cyclones. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 2004; 61 (19):2334-2348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. 2004. "Effect of Surface Waves on Air–Sea Momentum Exchange. Part II: Behavior of Drag Coefficient under Tropical Cyclones." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 19: 2334-2348.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2004 in Geophysical Research Letters
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[1] The dependence of the air‐sea momentum flux on surface wave fields is investigated at very high winds under tropical cyclones. A coupled wave‐wind model is applied to estimate the momentum flux under ten hurricanes in the western Atlantic Ocean during 1998–2003. The model explicitly calculates the wave‐induced stress vector and the total wind stress vector from a given wind speed vector and a calculated wave spectrum. It is found that the neutral drag coefficient levels off at high wind speeds under tropical cyclones, being consistent with recent observations and previous modeling studies. The most important finding of this study is that the Charnock coefficient is mainly determined by two parameters: the input wave age (wave age determined by the peak frequency of wind energy input) and the wind speed, regardless of the complexity of the wave field under a real hurricane, and that the Charnock coefficient increases with the input wave age at very high winds.

ACS Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. Effect of surface waves on Charnock coefficient under tropical cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31, 1 .

AMA Style

Il-Ju Moon, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara. Effect of surface waves on Charnock coefficient under tropical cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters. 2004; 31 (20):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara. 2004. "Effect of surface waves on Charnock coefficient under tropical cyclones." Geophysical Research Letters 31, no. 20: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2003 in Journal of Physical Oceanography
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Numerical simulation of sea surface directional wave spectra under hurricane wind forcing was carried out using a high-resolution wave model. The simulation was run for four days as Hurricane Bonnie (1998) approached the U.S. East Coast. The results are compared with buoy observations and NASA Scanning Radar Altimeter (SRA) data, which were obtained on 24 August 1998 in the open ocean and on 26 August when the storm was approaching the shore. The simulated significant wave height in the open ocean reached 14 m, agreeing well with the SRA and buoy observations. It gradually decreased as the hurricane approached the shore. In the open ocean, the dominant wavelength and wave direction in all four quadrants relative to the storm center were simulated very accurately. For the landfall case, however, the simulated dominant wavelength displays noticeable overestimation because the wave model cannot properly simulate shoaling processes. Direct comparison of the model and SRA directional spectra in all four quadrants of the hurricane shows excellent agreement in general. In some cases, the model produces smoother spectra with narrower directional spreading than do the observations. The spatial characteristics of the spectra depend on the relative position from the hurricane center, the hurricane translation speed, and bathymetry. Attempts are made to provide simple explanations for the misalignment between local wind and wave directions and for the effect of hurricane translation speed on wave spectra.

ACS Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara; Hendrik L. Tolman; C. W. Wright; Edward J. Walsh. Numerical Simulation of Sea Surface Directional Wave Spectra under Hurricane Wind Forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2003, 33, 1680 -1706.

AMA Style

Il-Ju Moon, Isaac Ginis, Tetsu Hara, Hendrik L. Tolman, C. W. Wright, Edward J. Walsh. Numerical Simulation of Sea Surface Directional Wave Spectra under Hurricane Wind Forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 2003; 33 (8):1680-1706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Il-Ju Moon; Isaac Ginis; Tetsu Hara; Hendrik L. Tolman; C. W. Wright; Edward J. Walsh. 2003. "Numerical Simulation of Sea Surface Directional Wave Spectra under Hurricane Wind Forcing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 8: 1680-1706.