Zeolite-based composite nanomaterials represent a versatile and mechanistically rich platform for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs)—including pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—from contaminated water systems. Although pristine zeolite frameworks provide well-defined microporous architectures, tunable Si/Al ratios, and ion-exchange capacity, their intrinsic hydrophilicity restricts interaction diversity and limits performance toward the structurally heterogeneous OMPs prevalent in real aquatic environments. Composite integration with carbonaceous nanophases, functional polymers and surfactants, and catalytically active metal oxide nanoparticles substantially extends this interaction repertoire, yielding multifunctional materials whose adsorption performance exceeds that of the individual components. Drawing on a systematic survey of peer-reviewed literature published between 2016 and 2026, this review develops a mechanism-oriented, structure–property–performance framework examining five dominant adsorption mechanisms—electrostatic attraction, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic partitioning, and micropore confinement—in relation to composite nanoarchitecture, surface chemistry, and structural parameters. The modulating influence of realistic water matrix conditions on adsorption efficiency is critically assessed, alongside challenges of regeneration, long-term stability, metal leaching, and the persistent gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and scalable deployment. Priority research directions are identified, including standardized performance evaluation under environmentally representative conditions and rational design of hierarchical multifunctional nanocomposites from earth-abundant and waste-derived precursors.

The selective conversion of syngas (CO + H₂) to higher alcohols (C₂₊OH) via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a strategically important but challenging process, requiring catalysts that can simultaneously sustain C–C chain growth and preserve C–O bonds in reactive intermediates. Over the past decade (2015–2025), perovskite-type complex oxides with the formula ABO₃ have emerged as powerful precatalysts for this application, with LaCoO₃ attracting particular attention due to its structural flexibility, controllable reducibility, and the unique catalytic role of the La₂O₃ phase formed upon reduction. This review systematically covers recent advances in synthesis strategies for LaCoO₃ and substituted perovskites, including sol–gel, co-precipitation, mechanochemical, and template-assisted (KIT-6, SBA-15) methods; effects of A-site (Sr) and B-site (Cu, Ga, Ni, Mn) substitution on reducibility, active phase dispersion, and product selectivity; alkali promotion and its interaction with the perovskite-derived active phase; mechanistic understanding of the alcohol-forming pathway, including the Co⁰/Co³⁺ bifunctional site concept, CO insertion mechanism, and the role of La₂O₃ in suppressing the Boudouard reaction; and catalyst stability and deactivation pathways under FTS conditions. Original data from LaCoO₃ catalysts prepared by co-precipitation with ethylene glycol (LCO-1: S_KOH = 90%, Y_KOH = 57 mg·g⁻¹·h⁻¹) and via citrate/KIT-6 template synthesis (LCO/KIT-6: Y_KOH = 80 mg·g⁻¹·h⁻¹, S_BET = 220 m²/g) at 240 °C and 2 MPa serve as the primary experimental reference throughout. Key challenges, including the surface area–selectivity trade-off, long-term stability under industrial conditions, and opportunities in CO₂ hydrogenation, are critically discussed.

Kazakhstan combines a large agricultural-residue base with an expanding grain-processing sector, creating a credible platform for biodegradable polymers if feedstock availability is matched to polymer chemistry, pretreatment intensity, and realistic end-of-life routes. This critical review integrates Kazakhstan-specific production data with the chemistry of starch, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and rice-husk silica and evaluates the conversion pathways most relevant to domestic implementation. Collectible dry residues from wheat, barley, maize, and rice are estimated at about 15.1 Mt yr⁻¹, while potato and cereal starch streams provide directly processable carbohydrates. Near-term options are thermoplastic starch (TPS), cellulose/nanocellulose reinforcement, lignin-containing functional composites, and hybrid materials using rice-husk-derived silica. PLA and PHA offer higher-value routes but require fermentation, purification, polymerization or recovery, and dedicated end-of-life infrastructure. The review emphasizes molecular limitations—hydrogen-bonded polysaccharide networks, retrogradation, interfacial polarity mismatch, lignocellulosic recalcitrance, filler agglomeration, and environment-dependent biodegradation—and links them to processing and performance tests. A staged strategy is proposed: compound and reinforce existing starch streams first, build regional fractionation and standardized intermediate platforms next, and develop PLA/PHA fermentation only after low-cost carbon streams, product markets, and life-cycle advantages are demonstrated.