Frailty is common among heart failure (HF) patients and linked to increased risk of adverse outcomes. Contributing factors include inflammation, sarcopenia and neurohormonal issues which diminish physiological reserves and accelerate the decline of health. Managing frailty in HF requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, nutritional and pharmacological needs. Structured exercise and dietary support can improve physical function, while careful medication management, especially with polypharmacy, reduces frailty-related risks. Telemedicine and wearable tech facilitate continuous monitoring and timely intervention, especially for those in remote areas. Future research should develop standardised frailty assessment tools specific to HF, enhancing risk stratification and personalised care. Studies on underlying mechanisms, such as inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, could lead to new therapies. Addressing socioeconomic factors can also improve care equity. This review summarises the mechanisms, clinical characteristics and impact of frailty on HF, highlighting challenges in treatment and opportunities for improving patient outcomes.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic immune-mediated musculoskeletal disease associated with psoriasis and characterized by heterogeneous involvement of peripheral joints, entheses, tendon sheaths, nails and the axial skeleton. Because early PsA may be oligosymptomatic or clinically silent, diagnostic delay remains a major challenge and may lead to irreversible structural damage. This narrative review summarizes the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) in the early detection, assessment and monitoring of PsA-related lesions. Ultrasonography is a widely accessible, dynamic and cost-effective imaging modality that enables real-time assessment of synovitis, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, dactylitis, nail-unit abnormalities and vascular activity using Power Doppler. It is particularly useful in peripheral disease and may help identify subclinical inflammation in patients with psoriasis. MRI provides superior visualization of deeper inflammatory lesions, including bone marrow edema, osteitis, sacroiliitis, axial involvement, synovitis, and soft-tissue inflammation. It is especially valuable when conventional radiography is normal or when axial or bone marrow involvement is suspected. Both modalities support earlier diagnosis, monitoring of disease activity, and evaluation of treatment response, particularly in the context of biologic therapy and treat-to-target strategies. However, their interpretation requires clinical context. MRI is limited by cost, availability, and examination time, whereas ultrasound remains operator- and equipment-dependent. Subclinical lesions may also be nonspecific and do not always predict progression to clinically manifest PsA. Overall, MRI and ultrasonography should be regarded as complementary tools that may improve early detection, guide personalized treatment decisions, and reduce the risk of irreversible joint damage in patients with psoriatic disease.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, have recently gained attention for their potential effects on the central nervous system and mental health, particularly within the metabolic–brain axis linking metabolic and neuropsychiatric processes. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the current evidence on the effects of GLP-1RAs on mental health, with particular focus on depression, cognitive function, substance use disorders, and psychiatric safety. Material and methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a targeted selection of review articles, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and comprehensive reviews identified in the PubMed/MEDLINE database; publications from the last five years were included using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the analysis focused on synthesizing the most clinically relevant findings. Results: GLP-1RAs may affect mental health through dopaminergic reward pathways, the HPA axis, and neuroinflammation. Meta-analyses show a small but significant reduction in depressive symptoms, and these drugs may also reduce addictive behaviors and improve eating patterns and cognitive function. Large-scale studies confirm a favorable psychiatric safety profile with no increased risk of adverse psychiatric events. Conclusions: GLP-1 receptor agonists show promise for mental health beyond their metabolic role, particularly for mood disorders and addiction. However, well-designed clinical studies are still needed to clarify the clinical relevance, durability, and practical applicability of these effects.

Background: Post-psychotic depression (PPD) is an underestimated but clinically significant affective syndrome that occurs during remission from psychosis, particularly in schizophrenia. Material and Methods: This comprehensive review traces the evolution of this concept over five decades of research, starting from its initial differentiation from primary depression and schizoaffective disorders in the 1970s. Relying on more than thirty studies, we analyze historical definitions, biological and psychosocial mechanisms, diagnostic controversies, and therapeutic implications. Results: Research indicates that PPD develops from multiple contributing factors, including psychological insight, autobiographical disturbances, pharmacological influences, and social losses, rather than simply as a byproduct of psychosis or pharmacological treatment. We discuss the persistence of depressive symptoms after acute remission, their role in suicidal tendencies, and the diagnostic challenges arising from the overlap of negative symptoms and demoralization. Despite its exclusion from current diagnostic standards, PPD continues to affect a significant fraction of patients, particularly those with high insight and early onset. Conclusions: Effective treatment requires a multidimensional, phase-specific approach combining antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics such as lurasidone, and psychological interventions targeting identity, self-esteem, and narrative processing. We argue that PPD should be reintroduced as a distinct clinical unit and incorporated into psychiatric guidelines to reduce diagnostic oversights and improve patient outcomes.