Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, have recently gained attention for their potential effects on the central nervous system and mental health, particularly within the metabolic–brain axis linking metabolic and neuropsychiatric processes. Aim: The aim of this study was to review the current evidence on the effects of GLP-1RAs on mental health, with particular focus on depression, cognitive function, substance use disorders, and psychiatric safety. Material and methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a targeted selection of review articles, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and comprehensive reviews identified in the PubMed/MEDLINE database; publications from the last five years were included using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the analysis focused on synthesizing the most clinically relevant findings. Results: GLP-1RAs may affect mental health through dopaminergic reward pathways, the HPA axis, and neuroinflammation. Meta-analyses show a small but significant reduction in depressive symptoms, and these drugs may also reduce addictive behaviors and improve eating patterns and cognitive function. Large-scale studies confirm a favorable psychiatric safety profile with no increased risk of adverse psychiatric events. Conclusions: GLP-1 receptor agonists show promise for mental health beyond their metabolic role, particularly for mood disorders and addiction. However, well-designed clinical studies are still needed to clarify the clinical relevance, durability, and practical applicability of these effects.

Background: Post-psychotic depression (PPD) is an underestimated but clinically significant affective syndrome that occurs during remission from psychosis, particularly in schizophrenia. Material and Methods: This comprehensive review traces the evolution of this concept over five decades of research, starting from its initial differentiation from primary depression and schizoaffective disorders in the 1970s. Relying on more than thirty studies, we analyze historical definitions, biological and psychosocial mechanisms, diagnostic controversies, and therapeutic implications. Results: Research indicates that PPD develops from multiple contributing factors, including psychological insight, autobiographical disturbances, pharmacological influences, and social losses, rather than simply as a byproduct of psychosis or pharmacological treatment. We discuss the persistence of depressive symptoms after acute remission, their role in suicidal tendencies, and the diagnostic challenges arising from the overlap of negative symptoms and demoralization. Despite its exclusion from current diagnostic standards, PPD continues to affect a significant fraction of patients, particularly those with high insight and early onset. Conclusions: Effective treatment requires a multidimensional, phase-specific approach combining antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics such as lurasidone, and psychological interventions targeting identity, self-esteem, and narrative processing. We argue that PPD should be reintroduced as a distinct clinical unit and incorporated into psychiatric guidelines to reduce diagnostic oversights and improve patient outcomes.

Introduction and purpose: Migraine is one of the most common and disabling neurological disorders. Attacks significantly decrease quality of life and daily functioning; therefore, effective treatment is crucial. Triptans have remained the standard therapy for many years, while calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists (gepants) represent an alternative. The aim of this review is to compare their effectiveness and safety. Materials and Methods: This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of acute migraine therapies, focusing on triptans and gepants. Literature was searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. State of Knowledge: Both therapies are effective in treating migraine pain and associated symptoms. Triptans act as selective 5-HT₁B/₁D receptor agonists with rapid onset. However, their vasoconstrictive effects limit use in patients with cardiovascular disease. Gepants inhibit the CGRP pathway and do not cause vasoconstriction, suggesting a better safety profile, although with a slower onset. Summary: Triptans remain first-line therapy, while gepants are a suitable alternative. Individualized treatment is essential.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic immune-mediated musculoskeletal disease associated with psoriasis and characterized by heterogeneous involvement of peripheral joints, entheses, tendon sheaths, nails and the axial skeleton. Because early PsA may be oligosymptomatic or clinically silent, diagnostic delay remains a major challenge and may lead to irreversible structural damage. This narrative review summarizes the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) in the early detection, assessment and monitoring of PsA-related lesions. Ultrasonography is a widely accessible, dynamic and cost-effective imaging modality that enables real-time assessment of synovitis, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, dactylitis, nail-unit abnormalities and vascular activity using Power Doppler. It is particularly useful in peripheral disease and may help identify subclinical inflammation in patients with psoriasis. MRI provides superior visualization of deeper inflammatory lesions, including bone marrow edema, osteitis, sacroiliitis, axial involvement, synovitis, and soft-tissue inflammation. It is especially valuable when conventional radiography is normal or when axial or bone marrow involvement is suspected. Both modalities support earlier diagnosis, monitoring of disease activity, and evaluation of treatment response, particularly in the context of biologic therapy and treat-to-target strategies. However, their interpretation requires clinical context. MRI is limited by cost, availability, and examination time, whereas ultrasound remains operator- and equipment-dependent. Subclinical lesions may also be nonspecific and do not always predict progression to clinically manifest PsA. Overall, MRI and ultrasonography should be regarded as complementary tools that may improve early detection, guide personalized treatment decisions, and reduce the risk of irreversible joint damage in patients with psoriatic disease.

Introduction: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), previously called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is now recognized as a complex endocrine–metabolic disorder rather than a solely ovarian condition. Lifestyle modification is central to management, with growing focus on physical activity, nutrition, and long-term metabolic health. Aim: To summarize current evidence on the effects of physical activity, dietary interventions, and metabolic health on PMOS, and to highlight the importance of individualized lifestyle management. Material and methods: A narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar publications from 2018 to 2026. The review included international guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and high-quality observational studies on lifestyle interventions in women with PMOS/PCOS. Results: Evidence shows that regular physical activity and individualized dietary interventions improve insulin sensitivity, body composition, lipid profile, and cardiometabolic health. Aerobic exercise has the strongest support for metabolic improvement, while resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may offer additional benefits for some patients. Mediterranean, low-glycaemic index, and anti-inflammatory diets are linked to better metabolic and hormonal control. Notably, metabolic improvements can occur without significant weight loss, highlighting the importance of lifestyle quality over body weight alone. Conclusions: Lifestyle modification is the foundation of PMOS management. Individualized physical activity, high-quality dietary counseling, and regular metabolic monitoring should be integrated into multidisciplinary, patient-centered care to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for women with PMOS.