Four major genotypes of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) have been documented worldwide (1–4) with genotypes 1 and 2 found in human in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human Hepatitis cases due to HEV genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic with various animal identified as possible reservoirs. Recently, HEV genotype 3 was found in pigs and human beings in West Africa, which may change the epidemic in human. Here, we assessed the prevalence of HEV antibodies in various domestic and wild mammalians in Burkina Faso. Random sampling was performed between 2015 and 2017 to collect serum from 100 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 19 hares (Lepus africana), 72 cattle (Bos taurus), 75 sheep (Ovis aries) and 81 goats (Capra aegagrus) in three provinces in Burkina Faso. A multi-species ELISA was performed on serum samples from 328 domestic animals and 19 hunting hares. HEV total antibodies were identified in 121 out of 347 specimens (34.9% CI95% [29.9–39.9]). Sera from rabbits (60% CI95% [50.4–69.6]), hares (52.6% CI95% [30.2–75.1]), cattle (26.4% CI95% [16.2–36.6]), sheep (12.0% CI95% [4.6–19.4]), and goats (28.4% CI95% [18.6–38.2]) tested positive for antibodies anti-HEV. In this study we evidence presence of HEV antibodies in various mammalians and highlight the importance of these species in the epidemiology of HEV infection in Burkina Faso.

Salmonella is one of the world’s leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most critical challenges to public health and food safety. Herein, we employed a meta-analysis to determine the pooled prevalence and spatiotemporal distribution of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in NTS in Burkina Faso. To find eligible articles, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, African Journals Online, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the gray literature (university libraries) in Burkina was conducted for the period from 2008 to 2020. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and assessed for risk of bias. To assess the temporal and spatial relationships between serotypes and resistant strains from humans, animals, food, and the environment, a random-effects statistical model meta-analysis was carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.0 program. The NTS prevalence rates were 4.6% (95% CI: 3–7) and 20.1% (95% CI: 6.6–47.4) in humans and animals, respectively, and 16.8% (95% CI: 10.5–25.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 8.2–27.5) in food and the environment, respectively. Most NTS serovars were S. Derby, reported both in food and animals, and S. Typhimurium, reported in humans, while S. Croft II, S. Jodpur II, and S. Kentucky were the most prevalent in the environment. NTS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin, cefixime, and cephalothin, with a pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance of 29% (95% CI: 14.5–49.5). The results of this review show a high diversity of Salmonella serotypes, as well as high antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from animal, human, food, and environmental samples in Burkina, calling for a consolidated “One Health” approach to better understand the drivers of pathogen emergence, spread, and antimicrobial resistance, as well as the formulation of intervention measures needed to limit the risk associated with the disease.

Only a minority of the patients with acute febrile jaundice evaluated through the Yellow Fever surveillance program were found positive for antibodies against Yellow Fever Virus (YFV). In order to characterize patients with acute febrile jaundice negative for YFV, we collected 255 sera between January to December 2019. We screened for HBV antigens, and antibodies against HCV and HEV. The seroprevalences observed were 10.6% (27/255) for HBV, 2% (5/255) for HCV, 17.3% (44/255) for HEV IgG, 4.3% (11/255) for HEV IgM, and 12.5% (32/255) for both IgG and IgM HEV. Prevalence of HEV was significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.01). HEV IgG prevalence was highest in those 20–29 years old, but the highest incidence rate (IgM positive) was in children 0–9 years old. Exposure to HEV was higher in the Sahelian zone (55.8%, 95% CI: 40.97–70.66) than in the Sudanese zone (30.2%, 95% CI: 24.01–36.37, p = 0.003). The high prevalence rates and hepatitis virus diversity underline the challenge of routine clinical diagnosis in Chad’s Yellow Fever surveillance program.

Influenza and COVID-19 remain major public health concerns due to their high morbidity, mortality, and epidemic potential. The COVID-19 pandemic notably disrupted health and economic systems worldwide in 2020. Despite reduced global attention, these pathogens continue to circulate, and emerging disease resurgence remains a constant threat, emphasizing the importance of ongoing epidemiological and virological surveillance. This study aimed to describe year-long surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in post-pandemic Burkina Faso. A prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to December 2023 in sentinel surveillance sites across four regions. Patients with influenza-like illness (ILI), severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), and their contacts were recruited. Nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 using real-time RT-PCR. Socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records or interviews. Among 3,311 samples, 11.41% tested positive for influenza and 6.07% for SARS-CoV-2. Influenza A viruses predominated (90.21%), followed by type B (7.79%). Of all participants, 68.4% were ILI and 31.6% SARI cases. Influenza A was more common among ILI patients. Two influenza waves were observed, during the dry/cold season (February–March) and the end of the rainy season (October). Children were most affected by influenza, while SARS-CoV-2 was more frequent among adolescents and adults. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were significantly present in ILI and SARI cases. Targeted vaccination for high-risk groups and during peak influenza seasons could enhance prevention and reduce disease burden.

Background and Aim: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide and remains a neglected public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Although several African studies have reported HEV circulation, no comprehensive synthesis has integrated human, animal, and environmental evidence from West Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, geographic distribution, risk-group characteristics, and genotype diversity of HEV in West Africa using a One Health approach. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251178069). PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and reference lists were searched for studies published between 1997 and August 2025. Studies involving humans, animals, and environmental samples from West African countries were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. A random-effects meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 3.0 was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence and investigate heterogeneity. Human populations were stratified into low- and high-risk groups according to exposure characteristics. Results: Ninety-six eligible studies conducted in 12 countries and involving 36,014 individuals were included. A total of 9,465 HEV-positive cases were identified. The pooled overall seroprevalence was 9.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.2%–11.5%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 97.53%). The pooled prevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G was 15.7%, ranging from 2.7% in Guinea to 29.3% in Burkina Faso. High-risk populations exhibited higher prevalences of IgG (25.9%), IgM (4.6%), and total antibodies (16.9%) than low-risk groups. Animal reservoirs, particularly pigs, showed high infection frequencies, whereas environmental contamination reached 24% in vegetables. Human genotypes 1e, 2b, 3e, 3f, and 4b, and animal- and environment-associated genotypes 3a and 3c were identified across the region. Conclusion: HEV infection is widely distributed in West Africa, with marked differences among countries and population groups. The coexistence of human, animal, and environmental reservoirs highlights the importance of integrated One Health surveillance and targeted prevention strategies to reduce the regional burden of HEV infection. Keywords: environmental contamination, genotype distribution, hepatitis E virus, meta-analysis, One Health, prevalence, systematic review, West Africa.

Background: Influenza is a major cause of acute respiratory infections worldwide. In tropical regions such as Sub‐Saharan Africa, influenza circulates year‐round with irregular peaks, yet genomic data guiding prevention strategies remain limited. This study characterized the genetic diversity and seasonal dynamics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating in Burkina Faso in 2024. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted from January to December 2024, including seven sentinel surveillance sites. Patients presenting with influenza‐like illness or severe acute respiratory illness were enrolled. Respiratory specimens were tested by real‐time RT‐PCR. Influenza‐positive samples with a cycle threshold ≤ 30 underwent whole‐genome sequencing using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina platforms. Phylogenetic analyses and clade assignment were performed using MEGA Version 12. Results: Out of 2951 samples tested, 6.74% were positive for influenza viruses. Females had higher odds of influenza positivity than males (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.11–1.98). A significantly higher risk of positivity was observed in the age groups of 5–15 years (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.07–2.52; p = 0.02) and 25–50 years (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.53–4.03; p < 0.001). Influenza A(H3N2) peaked in July, while A(H1N1)pdm09 peaked in October. Phylogenetic analysis of 43 genomes revealed co‐circulation of multiple clades within both subtypes. Conclusion: Influenza A viruses circulating in Burkina Faso in 2024 showed substantial genetic diversity, underscoring the need for continuous genomic surveillance to inform vaccine strain selection and public health strategies in tropical Africa.