This study aims to develop a model of the future of Indonesia’s food consumption up to 2045, using a baseline of food consumption in 2017 and projections to 2025 as milestones, and to draw policy relevance on food and related issues for the next Medium-Term Development Planning of 2020–2024. The projected demand of Indonesian food consumption is built based on the functional relationship between income and food consumption at the baseline using three different scenarios of economic growth: baseline, moderate, and optimistic. Method of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) was implemented to estimate changes of food consumption. Susenas data from 2017 is used as the baseline of food demand model. Susenas data from 1990–2016 is used to analyze selected food consumption trends and the relationship between food consumption, price trends, and income in all 33 provinces of Indonesia. The results show that future food demand in Indonesia is determined by existing demand, income, price and its composition, and various other factors that affect the behavior and trends of consumption. The policy should focus on the balance between demand-side management and supply-side or productivity improvement, as the majority of food production centers are located in Java.

This paper investigates the role of digital transparency in enhancing consumer awareness of product origins and sustainability. As consumers increasingly seek to make informed, ethically aligned purchasing decisions, digital platforms - such as blockchain-enabled systems, mobile apps, and e-commerce sites - offer a medium for brands to communicate supply chain transparency. Through a comprehensive literature review, this article examines how transparency practices impact consumer trust, decision-making, and the adoption of sustainable products. Findings reveal that while digital platforms can significantly influence ethical consumption, their effectiveness depends on the clarity, accessibility, and perceived credibility of information presented. Key challenges, including greenwashing and information overload, can hinder transparency efforts, thereby reducing consumer trust. Additionally, stakeholder theory and the theory of planned behaviour provide insights into the ethical responsibilities of brands and the cognitive factors shaping consumer choices. Practical recommendations are offered, including the need for simplified, interactive transparency tools and collaboration with third-party certifiers to enhance authenticity. The study highlights the importance of evolving digital transparency practices to meet the ethical demands of modern consumers and suggests ways for future research to explore the impact of transparency across diverse consumer segments and regions.

Modelling Volatility of Return Stock Index: Evidence from Asian CountriesVolatility is one of the interesting phenomenon in financial market; the reason is because of its eect to the existence of global financial market. The existence of volatility closely related to the risk in stock model. This research aims to determine the right model in modeling stock return volatility taken from four Asian countries with symmetric and various asymmetric model of GARCH. The result from fitting the right model for all of four stock markets showed that asymmetric model of GARCH showing a better estimation in portraying stock return volatility. Moreover, the model can reveal the existence of asymmetric eects on those four stock markets.Keywords: GARCH Asymmetric; Stock Market; Modelling; GARCH Symmetry; Volatility AbstrakVolatilitas pada pasar keuangan merupakan salah satu fenomena yang sangat menarik karena dampaknya terhadap eksistensi pasar finansial global. Keberadaan volatilitas berhubungan dengan risiko sebuah. Tulisan ini bertujuan menentukan model terbaik dalam memodelkan volatilitas return saham pada empat negara di Asia dengan menggunakan model simetris GARCH dan berbagai macam model asimetris GARCH. Hasil dari fitting model terbaik untuk keempat pasar saham menunjukkan bahwa model asimetris GARCH menunjukkan estimasi yang lebih baik dalam menggambarkan volatilitas return saham. Lebih jauh lagi, model tersebut mengungkapkan keberadaan efek asimetris pada keempat pasar saham.

Stock return volatility is a very interesting phenomenon because of its impact on global financial markets. For instance, an adverse shocks in one country’s market can be transmitted to other countries’ market through a particular mechanism of transmission, causing the related markets to experience financial instability as well (Liu et al., 1998). This paper aims to determine the best model to describe the volatility of stock returns, to identify asymmetric effect of such volatility, as well as to explore the transmission of stocks return volatilities in seven countries to Indonesia’s stock market over the period 1990-2016, on a daily basis. Modeling of stock return volatility uses symmetric and asymmetric GARCH, while analysis of stock return volatility transmission utilizes Vector Autoregressive system. This study found that the asymmetric model of GARCH, resulted from fitting the right model for all seven stock markets, provides a better estimation in portraying stock return volatility than symmetric model. Moreover, the model can reveal the presence of asymmetric effects on those seven stock markets. Other finding shows that Hong Kong and Singapore markets play dominant roles in influencing volatility return of Indonesia’s stock market. In addition, the degree of interdependence between Indonesia’s and foreign stock market increased substantially after the 2007 global financial crisis, as indicated by a drastic increase of the impact of stock return volatilities in the US and UK market on the volatility of Indonesia’s stock return.

This paper presents an adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable framework for the protection design and development of Bajo community living spaces in Indonesian waters, inspired by the Funaya model in Japan. The framework was developed using the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) method, integrating the principles of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) to address challenges in coastal management, cultural preservation, and economic sustainability. Key strategies include a protection design based on zonation and space, the application of the principles of RRRs, and the adaptation of the Funaya model. This approach emphasizes participatory governance, legal certainty, and community empowerment through training and incentives. The Funaya adaptation integrates the preservation of traditional houses and tourism development to enhance cultural and economic resilience. While its implementation requires significant resources, the expected benefits include environmental sustainability, cultural preservation, and improved livelihoods for the Bajo people. This framework may serve as a replicable model for integrated coastal management across Indonesia.

Volatilitas pada pasar keuangan merupakan salah satu fenomena yang sangat menarik karena dampaknya terhadap eksistensi pasar finansial global. Keberadaan volatilitas berhubungan dengan risiko sebuah. Tulisan ini bertujuan menentukan model terbaik dalam memodelkan volatilitas return saham pada empat negara di Asia dengan menggunakan model simetris GARCH dan berbagai macam model asimetris GARCH. Hasil dari fitting model terbaik untuk keempat pasar saham menunjukkan bahwa model asimetris GARCH menunjukkan estimasi yang lebih baik dalam menggambarkan volatilitas return saham. Lebih jauh lagi, model tersebut mengungkapkan keberadaan efek asimetris pada keempat pasar saham.