This study analyzes the trends and compound growth rates of Pakistan’s oilseed crops from the year 1971-72 to 2021-22. The acreage, production, and yields of essential crops such as rapeseed-mustard and canola, sunflower, peanut, sesame, soybean, safflower, linseed, and castor seed are examined using trend analysis and compound growth rate estimations. The study's conclusions show a marked change in favor of a greater reliance on imported edible oilseeds and a decline in indigenous production. Despite this, certain crops, such as mustard and rapeseed, have a positive production trend, indicating increased agricultural efficiency. Groundnut cultivation area and production have increased significantly, while sesame has remained consistent with recent yield gains. Sunflower exhibits exceptional expansion, while soybean suffers a loss in cultivation area but a minor increase in yield. Safflower has fluctuations, with recent yield gains, and linseed has favorable yield trends despite area and output losses. Castor seed cultivation and output are dropping, while yields are increasing slightly. This study emphasizes the need for strategic agricultural policies to ensure food security and sustainability in the face of shifting trends and challenges in Pakistan's edible oilseed industry.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis and ten-year forecast of rapeseed and mustard cultivation and production in Pakistan using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series modeling technique. Historical data from 1970–71 to 2022–23 reveal a fluctuating but overall upward trend in both cultivated area and production. The ARIMA (3,1,1) model with a constant and linear trend proved to be the most reliable, as validated by diagnostic tests including the Ljung-Box test, inverse roots of AR/MA polynomials, and the heteroscedasticity (ARCH) test on residuals, along with its superior performance on statistical indicators such as parameter significance, adjusted R ² , sigma ² , AIC, SBIC, and the Hannan-Quinn criterion. Forecasts suggest a substantial rise in cultivated area from 438 thousand hectares in 2024 to 876.1 thousand hectares by 2033, while production is projected to nearly double from 592.6 thousand tonnes to about 1,196.5 thousand tonnes. Despite this encouraging outlook, yield variability remains a persistent challenge due to poor seed quality, inefficient input use, climate variability, and limited mechanization. The National Oilseed Enhancement Program (2019–2024) revitalized oilseed cultivation by improving seed systems, supporting farmers, and promoting import-substitution policies. However, frequent regime changes disrupted policy continuity, hindering progress toward a stable, long-term oilseed strategy. To sustain growth and achieve self-sufficiency in edible oil production, consistent policy commitment is essential. National interest projects must not be discontinued with political transitions. A stable oilseed policy with medium-to long-term targets for seed distribution, mechanization, and value chain development is required. Price stability during harvest seasons, stronger coordination between institutions, and farmer training and extension services are equally critical. By integrating data-driven forecasts with these policy directions, Pakistan can strengthen its oilseed sector, reduce reliance on imports, and advance toward food and economic security.

The study focuses on assessing the Monetary Condition Index (MCI) in Pakistan, which measures the tightness or easiness of the country's monetary policy. It analyzes the impacts of interest rates and exchange rates on inflation and GDP growth, using time series data from 1975 to 2020. Monetary Condition Index is calculated by using time series data, employing annual data set from 1975 to 2020. Two different methods are applied to find the weights of interest rate and exchange rate, the one is the Principal Component Analysis and the other is co-integration method employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, planners, and economists to optimize monetary policies and understand the transmission mechanism in the economy. The study also explores the historical impacts of interest rates and exchange rates, with potential implications for other economies. The Monetary Condition Index is introduced as a useful policy locator and an indicator of the monetary policy stance. Additionally, the research seeks to validate the MCI's reliability as a policy indicator and address certain research gaps related to its effectiveness, dynamics, and generalizability. The study concluded that the MCI is sensitive to variations, and its calculation and methodology are essential. The monetary stance in Pakistan remained tight from 2017 to 2020, representing the highest trend in history. However, the effectiveness of using interest rate tools to control inflation in Pakistan was questioned, suggesting that changes in monetary policy tools might be necessary to achieve the objectives of the State Bank of Pakistan in line with Islamic economics principles.

Empirical research has been done to examine the impact of exchange rate fluctuations and political instability on inflation in Pakistan, using time series data spanning from 1990 to 2022. This study accounts for the contribution of both macroeconomic indicators and political factors towards inflation, taking Pakistan as a case study to depict that relationship. Unit root tests, co-integration, error correction model, and correlational analysis are applied. Findings suggest that there is a long-term relationship between selected macroeconomic and political variables contributing to the increased inflation in the country. The exchange rate is found to be marginally insignificant, and political instability and the presence of violence and terrorism are directly related to the increased inflationary trends in Pakistan. In contrast, the quality of government that includes political factors shows that a higher-quality government is likely to have better economic management policies and practices, which helps to control inflation and maintain price stability. Considering the results, it is suggested that if there is political stability in Pakistan, it will stabilize, which will lead to increased investment business confidence, and economic development.

It is a fine admissible verity all over the world that the changing climate exerts influence on all the kinds of survivals. As an agricultural based economy Pakistan rely on well-being of agriculture and it makes huge contribution in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan. Agriculture totally nature based and it is straight exaggerated by the exchange behavior of different climatic variables i.e. humidity, rainfall as well as temperature. Minor alter in one of these variables can cause extreme alter in the production of crops and the country’s economy damaged in the result of yield loss. This study will be focused on climate changing impact on hybrid as well as non- hybrid maize crop within Sahiwal division, in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Sahiwal division is the well-known agricultural production location and on the other side, it is very sensitive to climate change. That is the reason behind the study of the economic assessment of hybrid and non-hybrid maize crop under the climate change in Sahiwal division. With the help of arranged set of questions, check the impact of crop production on net farm revenue and Ricardian analysis operated to quantify the supposed impact due to changing climate. After estimating net farm revenue, it is a regressed against climate, soil and socio-economic variables. Study helps out in assessing the climate changing impact on hybrid as well as non-hybrid maize crop and plus suggesting adoption practices to farmers and thus giving reasonable policy support in the end.