Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global health crisis, driven largely by the mobility of resistance determinants through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). These include plasmids, integrons, insertion sequences, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophages, which together facilitate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) across bacterial species and ecosystems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the types, mechanisms, ecological drivers, and impacts of MGEs in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods involved critical evaluation of recent genomic, epidemiological, and ecological studies, alongside case studies of clinically significant resistance outbreaks. Findings highlight how MGEs function as hubs for ARG capture, recombination, and stabilization, enabling the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens. We also explored their interactions with ecological pressures such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides, as well as their role in One Health transmission pathways. The significance of this study lies in linking molecular insights with applied strategies, including genomic surveillance, MGE-targeted inhibitors, phage therapy, and CRISPR-based interventions. Understanding MGEs is essential for designing effective interventions to mitigate AMR and protect global health.

Background: The recent global outbreaks of Mpox, an emerging zoonotic viral disease, highlight sustained transmission in Africa and spread across Europe, challenging public health preparedness among frontline healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding Mpox among hospital nurses and HCWs in Bangladesh and to identify sociodemographic factors influencing KAP outcomes. Methodology: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from October 1, 2024 to November 15, 2024 in eight hospitals in Dhaka district. Hospitals were selected via convenience sampling based on referral status and patient load, and participants were randomly chosen from active healthcare staff across categories. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire, following a pilot study among 30 nurses and HCWs. Responses were recorded through KoboToolbox, and statistical analyses were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Out of the 200 HCWs approached, 110 provided complete and valid responses and were included in the final analysis. Among those who had heard (60.9%) about Mpox, 47.3% demonstrated good knowledge, 86.4% showed positive attitudes, and 82.7% reported correct preventive practices. Only 60.9% of participants reported having heard about Mpox. Among these, Facebook (29.9%) was the most commonly reported source of Mpox‐related information. Knowledge gaps were evident regarding zoonotic transmission, preventive guidelines, and the protective role of smallpox vaccination. Education level was significantly associated with knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83–11.7; p = 0.002). Settlement type was significantly associated with practices, with urban HCWs more likely to report correct preventive measures (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.10–19.0; p  = 0.047). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among KAP ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion: Targeted training and awareness programs are vital to improve preparedness and infection control among hospital nurses, strengthening the national response to Mpox outbreaks in Bangladesh.

Background and Aims: Scabies remains a major cause of morbidity among Bangladeshi children, particularly in overcrowded and resource‐limited settings. This perspective synthesizes current evidence to contextualize the surge of pediatric scabies outbreaks reported across Bangladesh in 2025. This perspective aimed to map outbreak hotspots, identify key risk determinants, and highlight health system gaps in surveillance and diagnosis, and therapeutic management of scabies. Methods: Evidence was compiled from published literature, national health data, WHO reports, media alerts, interviews with 50 registered dermatologists, and ArcGIS‐based visualization of affected regions. Results: Outbreaks were widespread across urban slums, religious school (Madrasa), Rohingya refugee camps, university dormitories, flood‐affected districts, rural communities and multiple districts including Cumilla, Barisal, Noakhali, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Khulna, Mymensingh, and Cox's Bazar driven by poverty, overcrowding, poor sanitation, seasonal humidity, and limited access to dermatologic care. Treatment practices reported by surveyed physicians revealed that 5% permethrin cream remains the first‐line therapy, while oral ivermectin is increasingly used for severe, recurrent outbreaks, although availability and affordability remain inconsistent across districts. Reinfection rates in institutional settings and the absence of national surveillance systems further complicate control efforts. Conclusion: This perspective emphasizes the urgent need for integrated strategies, including strengthened surveillance, improved treatment access, community‐based hygiene interventions, and alignment with WHO's NTD roadmap. Strengthening these components is essential to reduce pediatric morbidity, prevent complications, and enhance Bangladesh's progress toward effective scabies control.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine small‐scale farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in eight strategically selected districts across Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 384 small‐scale farmers participated in this cross‐sectional survey held between March 2025 and July 2025. Small‐scale farmers who had at least two livestock animals and had raised animals for at least a year are included in this study. To identify factors associated with KAP regarding these diseases, categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages, nonparametric tests were applied to nonnormally distributed continuous variables, and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to determine independent predictors of KAP scores, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Among livestock farmers, only 10.7% of participants in this survey had a good level of knowledge of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. On the other hand, 79.4% demonstrated a positive attitude, and although 76.6% of respondents exhibited appropriate preventive practices, the alarming thing is 80% of the farmers handle their livestock without any protective measures. Higher knowledge and attitude scores were independently associated with female sex ( β = 4.9; 95% CI: 1.2–8.6; p = 0.009) and higher education ( β = 20.0; 95% CI: 11.0–29.0; p < 0.001), while good practices were mainly driven by animal management training ( β = 13.0; 95% CI: 7.5–18.0; p < 0.001) and veterinary consultation ( β = 7.0; 95% CI: 2.9–11.0; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results show how urgently focused educational interventions are needed to improve farmers’ knowledge of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis and to encourage good management practices. Enhancing knowledge and resource accessibility could greatly reduce the health hazards associated with these diseases and boost public health in Bangladesh.

Objective: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease that leads to substantial economic losses in cattle production worldwide. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and spatial–temporal patterns through molecular detection of LSD virus among cattle in northern Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to August 2025 across 10 districts involving 8,650 cattle from 1,200 households. Clinical examination, questionnaire-based epidemiological investigation, spatial mapping, and polymerase chain reaction targeting the P32 and thymidine kinase genes were performed.Results: The prevalence of LSD was 30.15% (2,608/8,650; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.2–31.1), while the mortality and case fatality rates were 3.02% and 10.01%, respectively. Marked geographical and seasonal variations were observed, with the highest prevalence recorded in Thakurgaon (33.92%) and during the rainy season (44.56%). Calves less than one year had the highest prevalence (37.39%) and had an infection susceptibility about double that of older cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.82–2.29). Unvaccinated cattle showed markedly higher prevalence (36.45%) of LSD. Multivariable logistic regression identified non-vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 14.3; 95% CI: 9.63–21.7), poor biosecurity (AOR = 5.18; 95% CI: 3.37–8.08), and large herd size (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.87–4.22) as major independent predictors of LSD prevalence.Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that LSD is widely distributed and strongly influenced by management, environmental, and host-related factors in northern Bangladesh. Strengthening vaccination coverage, farm biosecurity protocols, vector management strategies, and targeted surveillance systems may substantially reduce the burden of LSD in cattle populations.

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become pervasive environmental contaminants, raising growing concern regarding their potential accumulation within the human body and associated health risks. MP particles can translocate into systemic circulation and multiple organs, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of current human biomonitoring data. This comprehensive review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the occurrence, distribution, detection technologies, exposure reduction and potential health implications of microplastics in human biological samples. The reviewed literature confirms the presence of microplastics in blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, breast milk, semen, urine, and selected tissues including cardiovascular, renal, and reproductive samples. Detection frequencies in some matrices exceeded 70–90%, with polymer types such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate most commonly identified. Reported particle sizes ranged from nanometer-scale fragments to particles over 100 µm, indicating both systemic circulation and potential tissue retention. Spectroscopic techniques such as μFTIR and μRaman dominate polymer identification, while thermoanalytical approaches such as Py-GC/MS provide quantitative polymer confirmation. Emerging evidence suggests associations with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired reproductive parameters, although causal relationships remain uncertain due to methodological heterogeneity and limited longitudinal data. This review provides an integrated overview of current human exposure evidence, identifies analytical gaps, and highlights the urgent need for harmonized detection frameworks and longitudinal risk assessment studies to inform public health policy and future biomonitoring strategies.