Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global health crisis, driven largely by the mobility of resistance determinants through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). These include plasmids, integrons, insertion sequences, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophages, which together facilitate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) across bacterial species and ecosystems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the types, mechanisms, ecological drivers, and impacts of MGEs in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods involved critical evaluation of recent genomic, epidemiological, and ecological studies, alongside case studies of clinically significant resistance outbreaks. Findings highlight how MGEs function as hubs for ARG capture, recombination, and stabilization, enabling the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens. We also explored their interactions with ecological pressures such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides, as well as their role in One Health transmission pathways. The significance of this study lies in linking molecular insights with applied strategies, including genomic surveillance, MGE-targeted inhibitors, phage therapy, and CRISPR-based interventions. Understanding MGEs is essential for designing effective interventions to mitigate AMR and protect global health.

Background: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen with high case-fatality rates, recurring outbreaks, and significant public health implications in Bangladesh, particularly in regions known as the “Nipah belt.” This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the general population regarding NiV transmission, prevention, and control measures. Methodology/principle findings: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2024 to April 2025 among 545 respondents, selected through multi-stage sampling from 48 upazilas across 16 districts. A structured questionnaire, prepared in Bengali and English, covered four domains: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews and reported through KoboToolbox and analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Findings revealed that only 29.2% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of NiV infection, while 94.1% showed positive attitudes toward prevention and control. However, correct preventive practices were reported by just 33.0% of respondents. Awareness of bat-to-human transmission was relatively high (66.2%), yet knowledge of the disease’s high fatality rate (11.4%) and preventive measures (28.8%) was low. Over half of participants (53.2%) reported consuming raw date palm sap, a key transmission route. Higher education, employment, and proximity to sap collection areas were associated with better knowledge, while younger age, female gender, and higher income were linked to better practices. Conclusion/significance: This first nationwide community-level KAP survey highlights critical gaps between awareness and behavior, underscoring the need for sustained, culturally tailored interventions, strengthened surveillance, and One Health approaches to reduce NiV spillover and transmission risks in Bangladesh.

A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed from September 2020 to December 2024 at Field Disease Investigation Laboratory (FDIL), Sylhet, in Bangladesh to determine the prevalence of different duck diseases and to explore the temporal distribution of important duck diseases in Sylhet. Data were collected passively from the registers of FDIL, Sylhet, and a total of 472 pieces of duck information about either infected or dead ducks were collected. The prevalence of duck plague was significantly higher (45.3%; 95% CI: 40.78-49.95) among all duck diseases documented during the study period. Duck cholera was the second most prevailing disease (28%), followed by AI, salmonellosis, DVH, NE, Colibacillosis, Mycoplasmosis etc. The current study observed a relatively high percentage of DP in mature ducks (66.20%; 95% CI: 53.99-77.00%) compared to the younger birds and in the summer season compared to the rest of the season. On the other hand, the young-aged group of ducks had a comparatively high frequency (33.96%; 95% CI: 27.62- 40.76%) of duck cholera compared to mature birds, and no prevalence was observed for birds aged above 269 days. This study revealed the duck disease burden from a clinical aspect, which will be beneficial for the concerned authority to take preventive measures against the diseases. Additionally, further research on duck diseases with temporal distribution will be facilitated by the study findings. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 12, No. 1, April 2025: 85-92

Background: The recent global outbreaks of Mpox, an emerging zoonotic viral disease, highlight sustained transmission in Africa and spread across Europe, challenging public health preparedness among frontline healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding Mpox among hospital nurses and HCWs in Bangladesh and to identify sociodemographic factors influencing KAP outcomes. Methodology: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from October 1, 2024 to November 15, 2024 in eight hospitals in Dhaka district. Hospitals were selected via convenience sampling based on referral status and patient load, and participants were randomly chosen from active healthcare staff across categories. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire, following a pilot study among 30 nurses and HCWs. Responses were recorded through KoboToolbox, and statistical analyses were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Out of the 200 HCWs approached, 110 provided complete and valid responses and were included in the final analysis. Among those who had heard (60.9%) about Mpox, 47.3% demonstrated good knowledge, 86.4% showed positive attitudes, and 82.7% reported correct preventive practices. Only 60.9% of participants reported having heard about Mpox. Among these, Facebook (29.9%) was the most commonly reported source of Mpox‐related information. Knowledge gaps were evident regarding zoonotic transmission, preventive guidelines, and the protective role of smallpox vaccination. Education level was significantly associated with knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83–11.7; p = 0.002). Settlement type was significantly associated with practices, with urban HCWs more likely to report correct preventive measures (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.10–19.0; p  = 0.047). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among KAP ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion: Targeted training and awareness programs are vital to improve preparedness and infection control among hospital nurses, strengthening the national response to Mpox outbreaks in Bangladesh.

Background: Brucellosis is a neglected but significant zoonotic disease that poses serious public health and economic challenges, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to brucellosis among high‐risk occupational groups in Bangladesh, including dairy workers, livestock handlers and butchers. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted through face‐to‐face interviews using a structured, closed‐ended questionnaire. A total of 435 participants from five districts were randomly selected. The questionnaire covered socio‐demographic characteristics, knowledge of brucellosis, attitudes towards the disease and preventive practices. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression and correlation analyses were performed. Results: Overall, 186 (43%) of participants demonstrated good knowledge about brucellosis. The majority of respondents (96%) exhibited a positive attitude towards the disease, and 59% reported correct practices at their workplaces. Notably, 52.9% of participants were aware of brucellosis transmission routes, and 90.6% reported proper disposal of aborted animal materials. Dairy workers were significantly more knowledgeable (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–3.63; p = 0.021) and demonstrated better practices (AOR = 4.69, CI: 2.30–9.88, p < 0.001) compared to butchers. Participants who had received training were significantly more likely to have good knowledge (AOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.12–3.61; p = 0.019) and to practice correct behaviours (AOR: 4.42; 95% CI: 2.11–8.83; p < 0.001) than those without training. A statistically significant, very weak positive correlation was observed between knowledge and practice scores. Conclusions: This study highlights considerable gaps in knowledge and preventive practices among high‐risk occupational groups in Bangladesh. Targeted educational interventions and comprehensive control programmes are urgently needed, especially for livestock handlers, butchers and individuals with lower educational levels, to reduce the risk of animal‐to‐human transmission and control the spread of brucellosis in the country.