Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data on GDM in Central Asian populations remain limited. This study aimed to identify factors associated with GDM and evaluate selected obstetric outcomes among pregnant women in Kazakhstan. Methods: A retrospective case–control study based on medical record data was conducted among 256 pregnant women, including 106 women with GDM and 150 women with normal glucose tolerance. GDM was diagnosed using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, laboratory, and obstetric data were obtained from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors statistically associated with GDM. Obstetric outcomes were compared using unadjusted analyses. Results: Women with GDM were older than controls (31.6 ± 5.8 vs. 28.6 ± 5.3 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (29 [25–33] vs. 26 [23–29] kg/m², p < 0.001). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were also higher in the GDM group (p = 0.026). In multivariable analysis, pre-pregnancy obesity (adjusted OR 4.54, 95% CI 2.08–9.91; p < 0.001) and educational level (overall p = 0.001) remained associated with GDM, whereas maternal age was not independently associated after adjustment. Hypertension (24.5% vs. 2.0%; p < 0.001), eclampsia (3.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.028), cesarean delivery (52.8% vs. 28.0%; p < 0.001), and fetal macrosomia (21.7% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.037) were more frequent among women with GDM. No significant difference was observed in neonatal birth weight. Conclusions: Pre-pregnancy obesity and educational level were independently associated with GDM. Women with GDM more frequently experienced hypertensive complications, cesarean delivery, and fetal macrosomia; however, these findings were based on unadjusted analyses and should be interpreted cautiously. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings in Central Asian populations.

Background/Objectives: Gastric cancer severely affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study evaluated HRQoL profiles and identified clinical, functional, and symptom correlates among gastric cancer patients in Kazakhstan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a single-center cohort (n = 387) using validated Russian-language European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) (Kazakh verbal clarification provided when needed, n = 12). Hierarchical multivariable linear regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with Global Health Status/QoL (GHS). Results: Mean GHS score was 51.9 ± 24.3. Major reported symptom burdens included stomach area pain, fatigue, and anxiety. In the final adjusted regression model (Step 3), GHS was significantly predicted by older age (ß = −0.21, p < 0.001), pain (ß = −0.37, p < 0.001), body image (ß = −0.12, p = 0.035), and functional domains: physical (ß = −0.20, p = 0.022), role (ß = 0.14, p = 0.026), emotional (ß = 0.32, p < 0.001), and cognitive functioning (ß = −0.14, p = 0.018). Employment categories also remained significant predictors: white-collar (ß = 0.09, p = 0.044), service sector (ß = 0.20, p < 0.001), blue-collar (ß = 0.19, p < 0.001), and retired (ß = 0.16, p = 0.022). Anxiety showed a positive association with GHS (ß = 0.24, p < 0.001), reflecting a statistical suppression effect, whereas fatigue (ß = −0.02, p = 0.745) was not significant after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: HRQoL in gastric cancer patients is strongly associated with physical symptom burden, age, and functional status. Targeted pain management, psychological support, and holistic care should be prioritized in routine oncology practice.