The striving for sustainable development has become the goal of actions undertaken not only by representatives of public authorities and institutions representing this sector, but also representatives of private entities who are increasingly recognizing the benefits and sources of long-term development based on the principles and objectives of sustainable development. These are mainly based on the pursuit of synergy in the three basic areas of activities, i.e., in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions as well as in the maintenance of natural resources. The implementation of these activities is connected with the necessity of incurring financial expenditures, which the government (public sector) does not have in the required value. Therefore, in the process of sustainable development for which the government is responsible, the active participation of the financial sector (banks) is necessary. Achieving results within the alliance of the concept of sustainable development requires the setting of a kind of contract, the parties of which are the government, society, and financial institutions. The purpose of the conducted research is to indicate by which means the government can stimulate economic growth towards its sustainable development.

The purpose of the article is to present the impact of legal regulations in the field of sustainable development (ESG) and taxonomies on the course of credit processes in commercial banks. Methodology refers to studies of legal regulations, comparative analysis of cases (case study) and inference. Results of the research show that the implementation of ESG regulations and taxonomies and the adaptation of credit processes in commercial banks will result in structural changes in loan portfolios in the near future while moving away from financing dirty industries towards the green ones. As a result, the financing stream for green assets and those supporting sustainable development will be increased, while the financing of dirty assets will be significantly reduced due to the increase in risks and accompanying costs for customers and banks. It is expected that even if some banks grant loans to finance dirty assets, they will only be short-term loans and will require high servicing costs (commission, margin, legal security, and insurance). This is due to the fact that the portfolio with credit exposures in the so-called dirty industries (mining, construction, trade) will escalate the increase in ESG risk. Such a portfolio with dirty exposures will require banks to secure additional reserve capital to maintain higher general and sector systemic risk buffers. Some banks will completely stop financing assets from dirty industries, which will mean that some of them will be abandoned due to the lack or high costs of their modernization, intensifying the negative socio-economic consequences. The ongoing process of redirecting the financing stream to green assets in banks means that enterprises and households need to take earlier adaptation actions. These include actions against financing constraints in dirty sectors and likely future losses in infrastructure and assets related to them.

The aim of the paper is to analyze changes of inward and outward foreign direct investments (FDI) stocks in Poland in the years 1994–2016 in the field of the theory of J. H. Dunning`s investment development path (IDP). The following research hypothesis was adopted: If a persistent reduction of net outward FDI stock (NOI) to 0 is accompanied by economic growth (GDP growth, GDP per capita, structural changes in the economy), then it will be possible to achieve stage 3 of the IDP.The results of empirical research indicate that the changes of NOI accompanying economic development in 1994–2016 were insufficient to confirm full advancement of IDP stage 3 in Poland. We do not observe a definite change in the NOI and economic development stage from stage 2 to 3. Nevertheless, we can support that some changes occur that prove that the economy is at the beginning of stage 3, as the following symptoms are observed: a drop in the levels of NOI, NOI per capita and an increase in the outward performance index (OPI). Considering that stages 1 and 2 continued nearly for 10 years each, the confirmation of stage 3 is likely after 2022. Then we will have empirical data for the period 2013–2022.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the share of foreign direct investment (FDI) in creating the value added (VA) of innovative and other industries in Poland in 2004–2020.Design/methodology/approach: In terms of the empirical analysis of FDI stocks, their locations were divided into innovative and other industries. The differences in the creation of VA are presented by domestic and foreign enterprises. The impact of FDI stocks in individual industries on gross domestic product (GDP) changes was assessed using the vector error correction model (VECM).Findings: FDI from innovative industries generated approx. 7% VA of the Polish economy in the years 2004–2020. In 2009–2018, the share of VA of foreign enterprises in innovative industries in Poland showed a faster growth (by 5 pp) than in other industries. The results of decomposition confirm that the level of explanation of GDP by FDI in innovative industries is higher than in other industries.Research limitations/implications: Changes in the classification of activities reduce the time series period available.Practical implications: This study explains the participation of foreign and domestic enterprises in creating VA. The results are useful to pursuing the national investment policy.Social implications: The economic results of domestic and foreign enterprises in the host country affect the economic growth and development and ultimately the socio-economic conditions of life.Originality/value: This work provides some additional explanations for the inconclusive results of international research into the impact of FDI on GDP or the spillovers effects. Its usefulness concerns the detailed impact of FDI by industrial structures on GDP.

The aim of the study is to estimate credit exposures and their changes in commercial banks' portfolios in terms of sectors important for climate policy, which exposes them to the risk of transition in Poland in 2013-2022. The research concerned the analysis of changes in the structure of the loan portfolio in terms of sectors relevant to climate change (CPRS) broken down by groups (green, black, brown, dirty), industries (fossil fuels, utility-electricity, production, manufacturing, transportation, agriculture), and types of activity divided into sections. The CPRS methodology was applied (Battiston), which is used in EiOPA, ECB, EBA. The share of green exposures of the entire banking sector in 2013-2022 increased (to 49%) and the share of dirty exposures decreased (to 51%). Due to the link between the sections, the three pillars of industries with the greatest risk to transformation among the CPRS were: buildings, transportation and manufacturing.

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of inflation, markups and wages on changes in the profitability of enterprises in Poland from 2008 to 2023, considering the effects in the short, medium and long term. Methodology refers to the impact of CPI, markups and wages on changes in gross turnover profitability rates (GTPR) that were assessed using the VECM model, the impulse response function, and the variance decomposition. Results of the research study show that the pillar of changes in the profitability of enterprises in Poland is its earlier changes with the increasing importance in the short term of markups, wages, and inflation (up to 10%) and gradually decreasing in the medium (up to 9%) and long term (7%). The importance of markups in the degree of explanation of changes in profitability is about 3–4 times stronger than that of wages. An increase in markups is an effective tool for stabilizing corporate profitability under inflation already in the short term, and can also be a tool to support an increase in such profitability in the medium and long term, if market conditions, including consumer demand, allow for it. The study fills a gap in the literature on the importance of markups and wages in shaping enterprises profitability in an inflationary condition, especially the use of markups as a tool that already produces expected effects in the short term.