The efficacy of traditional antimicrobial treatments has been largely compromised due to the high occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, therefore underlining the limitations of existing drug delivery mechanisms. Pathogens resist pharmacological treatment via different mechanisms, including efflux pump overexpression, biofilm formation, and enzymatic destruction. The application of nanorobotics or controllable nanoscale devices has gained considerable attention for overcoming shortcomings while connecting biomedical engineering, materials science, and microbiology. Despite advancements in nanomedicine, there is still no suitable nanorobotic system applicable against MDR pathogens. Previous studies highlighted device categories and materials but did not explain the detailed nanorobotic mobility, sensing, and programmability to counteract biological resistance. This review combines cross-disciplinary discoveries to design a mechanistic and translational model for nanorobotics effective in controlling infectious diseases while focusing on the advancements in nanorobotic technologies over the past six years (2020–2025), with emphasis on translational readiness, biosafety issues, scalability, regulation, and their mechanistic ability to overwhelm MDR complications. Databases from different publishers, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to select studies focusing on the potential of emerging nanorobotic therapeutic technologies, such as magnetic microrobots, catalytic nanoswimmers, and DNA origami nanodevices, and their application to bacterial biofilms and antibiotic drug delivery. Evidence from the literature shows that magnetically driven microrobots, catalytic nanoswimmers, and DNA origami structures can actively destroy biofilms, enhance antibiotic penetration, and perform site-specific antimicrobial administration. Nevertheless, most of these innovations remain in the preclinical or prototype stage, hindered by biosafety issues, immunological reactivity, poor routing precision, energy source optimization, and a lack of regulatory and ethical frameworks, which are major challenges for clinical translation.

The genus Lilium (Family Liliaceae), comprising economically important ornamental and medicinal perennial herbaceous plants, has gained increasing scientific interest due to its rich phytochemical diversity and broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Several Lilium species have been traditionally utilized in various medicinal systems for the treatment of respiratory, inflammatory, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Among them, Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle is recognized as one of the beneficial medicinal species because of its ethnopharmacological importance and diverse bioactive constituents. Phytochemical investigations of Lilium species have identified numerous secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, alkaloids and terpenoids, which contribute to their pharmacological potential. Recent pharmacological developments in the genus Lilium highlight the therapeutic potential of its steroidal saponins, alkaloids and polysaccharides, particularly regarding their action as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor. While the isolated phytochemicals have not yet transitioned to markets, Lilium extracts are actively commercialized globally within regulated traditional medicine formulations. This review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of the genus Lilium, with particular emphasis on L. polyphyllum. Furthermore, current knowledge gaps, including limited mechanistic studies, pharmacokinetic evaluations and clinical investigations, are discussed. The review also highlights the urgent need for conservation strategies, sustainable cultivation practices and biotechnological approaches such as plant tissue culture to protect natural populations of L. polyphyllum while ensuring a reliable supply of plant material for future pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.