This study investigates the virulence properties and pathogenetic characteristics of the Kazakhstani strain of LSDV (LSDV KZ-Kostanay-2018) in indigenous cattle under controlled conditions. Twelve non-breed cattle were inoculated intradermally and monitored for clinical, pathological, and immunological responses. Clinical signs, including fever, skin nodules, and lymphadenopathy, emerged as early as day 5 post-infection (pi), with peak severity observed between days 11 and 14. Rapid seroconversion was observed, with 100% of animals showing virus-neutralizing antibodies by day 13. Pathological findings revealed extensive necrosis, thrombosis, and edema, with pronounced damage in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes. Histological analyses identified widespread destructive changes in the dermis and systemic tissues, consistent with highly aggressive disease progression. Viral genome and replication were confirmed in blood, skin nodules, and lymph nodes, with peak viral loads between days 11 and 14 pi. These results align with findings in Russian cattle infected with the Saratov/2017 strain but demonstrate more rapid symptom onset and severe pathology, suggesting strain-specific virulence. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of LSDV pathogenesis and underscore the importance of regional adaptations in disease management.

Aspergillosis is a severe fungal disease that affects all species and ages of poultry and leads to significant economic losses within the poultry industry. The economic significance of aspergillosis is associated with direct losses due to poultry mortality, a decline in the production of meat and eggs, feed conversion, and poor growth of recovering poultry. Although a decrease in the production of poultry meat and eggs in Kazakhstan due to this fungal disease has been widely reported, studies on the consequent financial losses on affected farms (households) have not been carried out. This study aimed to estimate the financial losses and epidemiological parameters of avian aspergillosis among households affected by the disease in the Almaty region. To achieve the objectives of the research, a survey was conducted involving affected households from February 2018 to July 2019. The affected poultry were diagnosed based on clinical, macroscopical, and microscopical procedures, and once the infection was confirmed, household owners were interviewed. Data were collected from 183 household owners. The median incidence risk and fatality rates were 39 and 26% in chickens, 42 and 22% in turkeys, and 37 and 33% in geese, respectively, with young poultry having a higher incidence risk and fatality rate than adults. Approximately 92.4% of the household owners treated the affected poultry using natural folk methods and 7.6% of household owners used antifungal drugs and antibiotics, spending a median of US $35.20 (min US $0; max US $400) per household throughout the course of the infection. Egg production was reduced by a median of 58.3% when households were affected. The price of poultry fell by a median of 48.6% immediately after recovery due to weight loss. The median of the overall financial losses of households was US $198.50 (min US $11; max US $1,269). The majority of household owners (65%) did not replace their poultry, 9.8% of household owners replaced all their poultry, and the remaining 25.1% replaced only a proportion of the poultry lost at the time of the study. Newly acquired poultry were purchased from neighbors (10.9%), fellow villagers (50%), and state poultry farms (39.1%). This study demonstrates that aspergillosis has an immediate impact on subsistence household owners' livelihoods in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.

Максаты: Заманбап адабият булактарындагы топоздордун жүрүш-туруш актылары тууралуу илимий маалыматтарга баа берүү. Бул сереп, топоздордун жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөчүлөр үчүн жаңы изилдөө багыттарын аныктоого мүмкүнчүлүк түзүү максатын дагы көздөйт. Материал жана ыкмалары: Макаланын темасы боюнча изилдөөлөрдүн деңгээлин тактоо жана бул багыттагы илимий көйгөй боюнча адабий булактарга сереп жүргүзүү максатында төмөндөгү иликтөө платформаларында, маалымат базаларында жана интернет ресурстарында иликтөөлөр жүргүзүлдү: Web of Science, Scopus, Google, eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI, Pubmed и Kyrlibnet. Сереп жүргүзүүдө Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses колдонмосу пайдаланылды. Бул изилдөөдөгү маалыматтарды талдоодо сыпаттоо жана мазмунду талдоо ыкмалары колдонулду. Жыйынтык: Изилдөөлөрдө топоздордун таксономиялык статусу, топоздорду асыроо багыттары, топоздорду асыроо ареалы, топоздордун дүйнөдөгү саны, топоздордун тукумдары, топоздордун жергиликтүү аталыштары жана өңү-түсү, топоздордун жайыттагы жүрүш-туруш актылары жана жайыт пайдалануусу, жүрүш-туруш актыларына мониторинг жүргүзүү, топоздордун жеке өзгөчөлүктөрү жана эгоцентристик жүрүш-туруш актылары, топоздордун социалдык жүрүш-туруш актылары, топоздордун жыныстык жана ата-энелик жүрүш-туруш актылары тууралуу маалыматтар анализге алынып, Кыргыз Республикасынын бийик тоолуу жайыттарын натыйжалуу колдонуу үчүн топоздорду жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөнүн маанилүүлүгү аныкталды..

Background: Kuchala (Arum korolkowii Regel) is a medicinal plant commonly used in folk medicine among the Kyrgyz people. The tuber tincture of kuchala is traditionally used in small doses to enhance human sexual potency. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting these medicinal effects. Therefore, we decided to study the effect of kuchala tuber tincture on the sexual potency of adult male guinea pigs. Methods: We investigated the effect of kuchala on 12 male guinea pigs, each approximately 48 months old. A 10% tuber tincture of kuchala in 70% ethanol was prepared and administered orally at a daily dose of 150 µl for 30 days. The study employed ethological, hematological, serum biochemistry, gross anatomical, histological, and statistical methods to collect and analyze the data. Results: The hematological and serum biochemistry parameters showed significant differences between the control and experimental groups. In the experimental group, the percentage of neutrophils was significantly lower (dр < 0.001) than in the control group, while lymphocyte counts were significantly higher (dр < 0.001). Additionally, RBC counts, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were all significantly higher in the experimental group (dр < 0.001; dр < 0.001; cр < 0.01; dр < 0.001; dр < 0.001, respectively) compared to the control group. Conversely, the color indicator and mean platelet volume were higher (bр < 0.05) and significantly higher (dр < 0.001) in the control group than in the experimental group. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were lower in the experimental group than in the control group (both dр < 0.001). Notably, the serum testosterone concentration was much higher (dр < 0.001) in the experimental group. Microscopic examination revealed minor structural damage in the liver tissue of the experimental group, indicating a metabolic disorder. However, the testes in the experimental group showed an improvement in spermatogenesis compared to the control group, suggesting a positive effect on reproductive health. Conclusion: The 10% kuchala tuber tincture in 70% ethanol has a positive effect on improving the sexual potency of older guinea pigs by increasing testosterone production and enhancing spermatogenesis.

Background: Kuchala (Arum korolkowii Regel) is a medicinal plant often used in folk medicine in the Kyrgyz Republic. As a medicinal raw material, the tuber’s tincture is used in small doses to increase human sexual potency. However, there is no scientific evidence in support of the medicinal effects of kuchala. For these reasons, we decided to study the pharmacological effect of kuchala tuber tincture on the sexual potency of adult male guinea pigs. We analyzed the effect of kuchala at the age of ±48-months, in 12 male guinea pigs. A preparation of 10% tuber tincture of kuchala in 70% ethanol was administered perorally to the male guinea pigs in the form of a once-daily dose of 150 µl for 30 days. The study data were obtained by ethological, hematological and serum biochemistry, gross anatomical, histological and statistical methods.Results: The hematological and serum biochemistry parameters were significantly different between the control and the experimental group. The neutrophils’ percentage in the experimental group was significantly lower (^dР < 0.001) than in the control group. On the other hand, the lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the experimental group (^dР < 0.001). The RBC counts, Hgb, Hct, MCH and MCHC were significantly higher in the experimental group (^dР < 0.001; ^dР < 0.001; ^cР < 0.01; ^dР < 0.001; ^dР < 0.001 respectively) than in the control group. In contrast, the color indicator and the mean platelet volume were higher (^bР < 0.05) and significantly higher (^dР < 0.001) respectively in the control group than in the experimental group. The ALT and AST levels were lower in the experimental than in the control group (both ^dР < 0,001). The testosterone concentration in serum was much higher (^dР < 0,001) in the experimental group. Microscopically, some structural damages were found in the liver of the experimental animals indicating a metabolic disorder. However, the testes showed an improvement in spermatogenesis in the experimental compared with the control group.Conclusions: The 10% kuchala tuber tincture in 70% ethanol has a positive effect in terms of improving the sexual potency of adult guinea pigs by increasing the production of testosterone and increasing spermatogenesis.