The effects of slag components on the sulfur distribution ratio {(wt.%S)/[wt.%S]} were analyzed using thermodynamic calculations. On this basis, the effects of the slag with different binary basicities (wt.% CaO/wt.% SiO₂ = 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0) and Al₂O₃ contents (wt.% Al₂O₃ = 12, 16, 20 and 24) on the desulfurization behavior were investigated. The results show that the binary basicity and Al₂O₃ content were the main factors that affected the desulfurization. And an increase in the binary basicity and a decrease in the content of Al₂O₃, increase the sulfide capacity of the slag. In the early stage of the smelting process, the desulfurization process was limited due to the high content of oxides, such as FeO and MnO in the slag, and the sulfur content in the alloy melt reached 35 ppm. After the final deoxidation of the Si-Ca alloy, the desulfurization rate was significantly increased, and the maximum desulfurization rate reached 44.12%. During the ladle standing, the sulfur content in the alloy melt changed little because of the limitation of kinetics. The rate-limiting step of the desulfurization process was the diffusion of sulfur in the alloy melt.

High-grade non-oriented silicon steel is a critical material for new energy vehicles and energy-efficient appliances due to its superior magnetic properties. However, these properties are significantly degraded by non-metallic inclusions, particularly Ti(C,N). This study employs integrated thermodynamic and kinetic calculations to systematically analyze the formation and growth mechanisms of Ti(C,N) inclusions in high-grade non-oriented silicon steel, trace the sources of [Ti], and propose targeted theoretical control strategies. Results indicate that Ti(C,N) inclusions do not precipitate above the liquidus temperature (1779 K). During solidification, microsegregation enriches Ti, C, and N; however, only TiN precipitates in the final stage as its ion product exceeds the solubility limit, whereas TiC remains undersaturated—findings valid within the present composition window and modeling framework. Inclusion size is governed by cooling rate and initial Ti/N content, where higher cooling rates yield finer inclusions and lower Ti/N content suppresses precipitation. Titanium originates from primary sources (raw materials and alloys) and secondary sources (decomposition or reduction of TiO₂ in slag/refractories). Therefore, mitigating [Ti] requires strictly limiting primary input and suppressing secondary formation through optimized process control, such as reducing BOF slag carryover, lowering refining temperature, and controlling [Al] content.

The crucial point for obtaining high-strength wire is controlling the microstructure, and the refinement of the interlamellar spacing between 80 and 150 nm gives sorbite excellent tensile strength and plastic deformation ability. To realize sorbitization, the fastest possible cooling rate should be used to avoid austenite being transformed into coarse pearlite. In this article, the main production processes, advantages, and disadvantages of wire rods for bridges are discussed, and the relationship between microstructure and mechanical characteristics of wire rods is argued. On this basis, the research works of simulation and experiments for heat treatment of wire rods in a salt bath, together with the convection and boiling heat exchange mechanism of wire rods in a salt bath, are discussed and provided. The salt bath quenching course is capable of cooling the wire rapidly from the austenitizing temperature to the sorbite temperature region and also dissipates the latent heat, thus reducing the reheating temperature of the wires. It can realize precise control over the microstructure and characteristics of wire and has advantages in improving the wire strength, hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance. The process parameters are highly adjustable, with strong adaptability and flexibility. To obtain ultra-high-strength sorbite steel wire, the key technical problems to be solved include selecting the suitable coolant, controlling the internal microstructure, and precisely controlling the cooling effect.