This study examined the effects of a 6-week Nordic Walking (NW) training, at the intensity corresponding to the dominance of lipid metabolism, on the levels of selected physiological indices, the haemodynamic indices of the cardiovascular system and physical fitness in sedentary women older than 55 years of age. In addition, the physiological response of the female body to the walking effort on treadmill with poles (NW) and without poles (W) was compared and the influence of training on this response was determined. A single group study with a pre-test/post-test study design was conducted. Eighteen women performed NW controlled intensity training 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Body composition, resting blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) as well as circulatory and respiratory indices in two graded walking efforts on mechanical treadmill NW and W were measured before and after training period. The intensity of workouts, which considered the dominance of lipid metabolism, was determined individually, based on the dynamics of changes in the level of physiological indices during the graded intensity NW. After the course of training, body mass, fat mass, resting BP and HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05). HR and respiratory exchange ratio recorded during NW and W at 1.75 m^.s^-1 walking speed decreased, while the oxygen pulse increased (p < 0.05). VO₂max increased significantly (p < 0.05). Before and after the training period HR, oxygen uptake per minute, and energy expenditure during NW were significantly higher than in W (p < 0.05). The study showed that 6-week NW training at the intensity corresponding to the dominance of lipid metabolism can provide improvement in body composition, cardiovascular function and physical performance in previously sedentary women. NW compared to the regular walk with the same speed revealed higher energy expenditure.

Objectives: This study examined the effects of 6-week Nordic walking (NW) workout with individually customized intensity, on the body composition, and oxidative stress biomarkers for women > 55 years of age. Material and Methods: Sixteen sedentary women (age 58.1±2.02 years old, body mass...

Purpose: This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy for use with Polish children aged 8–12 years. Method: The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy questionnaire was translated into Polish and adapted using the method of forward and back translation. The internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity were examined ( n = 781). Results: The motivation and confidence domain demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .876) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .905), while the knowledge and understanding domain showed moderate reliability (α = .70; intraclass correlation coefficient = .714). Confirmatory factor analysis results, χ ² (37) = 72.7, p < .001, χ ² /df = 1.95, comparative-fit index = .982, Tucker–Lewis index = .973, root mean square error of approximation = .031, standardized root mean square residual = .024, supported the four-domain model as a good fit for the data. Discussion/Conclusion: Overall, the findings confirm that this Polish version of Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy is a reliable and valid tool for assessing physical literacy among Polish children across all four domains.

Knowledge of the circadian rhythm of the blind person and diurnal changes in anaerobic power and hormones concentration can create the possibility of individualising physical training. The aim of the study was to examine the time-of-day effects on anaerobic performance and the concentration of selected hormones. The measurements were performed at two different times of the day (10:00 a.m., 10:00 p.m.) in blind men at the age of 20–25 years old. The experiment group was chosen by using repeated hormonal tests four times a day so that each selected patient had a sleep/wake cycle even of 24 h. Anaerobic peak power and total work were tested in an anaerobic sprint test, and the concentration of growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and melatonin was determined. In blind men, the hormonal response was not driven by the photoperiod as in the control group. In the blind group, at 10:00 p.m., anaerobic peak power and total work results were significantly higher than at 10:00 a.m. and negatively correlated with melatonin levels. No such correlation was found in the control group.

Physical Literacy (PL) assumes mutual reinforcement between its cognitive, affective, and physical domains. However, the role of the cognitive domain within this framework remains insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the level of Knowledge and Understanding is related to Physical Competence, Motivation and Confidence, and Daily Behaviour in children aged 8–12 years. The study also examined whether grade group moderates these relationships. The Canadian Assessment of PL (CAPL-2) tool was administered to a sample of 2030 students from Poland. No consistent or practically meaningful correlations were observed between Knowledge and Understanding and Daily Behaviour across grade groups. Significant, although generally weak, associations were found between Knowledge and Understanding and both Motivation and Confidence and Physical Competence, with the Understanding subdomain showing stronger relationships. Moderation analysis indicated that the association between ‘Knowledge’ and Physical Competence decreased in older grade groups, while no consistent interaction effects were observed for ‘Understanding’. These findings suggest that, within the CAPL-2 operationalisation, the ‘Understanding’ subdomain showed relatively stronger (although still weak) associations; however, these differences were observed within generally weak relationships and should be interpreted cautiously.