Photocatalysis has attracted increasing scientific interest since it represents a promising path to combat the growing energy crisis and environmental pollution problems. Among the various materials used in photocatalysis, perovskites have become ideal photocatalysts due to their superior optoelectronic, morphologic, and physicochemical properties. However, pristine perovskites still have issues, such as weak stability, limited carrier extraction, and restricted active sites. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to improve the photocatalytic activity of pure perovskites in combination with other materials to form more efficient heterojunction composites. This review paper aims to report on the latest advances in the development, characterization, and photocatalytic efficiency of perovskite-based heterojunction composites coupled with binary and ternary semiconductors, carbon materials, metal oxides, and sulfides. The photocatalytic processes covered in this work are CO₂ reduction, H₂ generation, and the degradation of organic pollutants. This study is expected to intensify research on the development of perovskite-based composites and their future application to obtain chemicals of industrial interest, biofuels, and clean water with perspective at pilot and industrial scale.

The foliar spraying effect of zinc nanostructures (ZnO-NE) was studied on cucumber seedlings growth in greenhouse. The treatments were four solutions made thought nanostructures with Zn (ZnO-BE) obtained by professional (MP) and domestic (MD) microwaves, and by direct precipitation (PD); the positive control (TP) was commercial fertilizer (ZnSO4) and negative (TN) water. Cucumber seeds were immersed for 2 h in the solution with the respective Zn2+ (30 mg L-1) source and sowed in polystyrene containers with peat and perlite (1:1 v/v), in greenhouse. Seedlings with two true leaves were sprayed with the corresponding solutions, every seven days for three weeks. Lower seedling height was presented in TN and greater stem diameter with ZnO-NE of MD. The ZnO-NE from MD and PD produced wider leaves (6.98 and 6.89 mm), PD longer leaves (6.01 mm); Seedlings treated with ZnO-NE of MP and MD increased leaf area (360.86 and 313.82 cm-2). The three ZnO-NE sources increased root length, and root volume stood out in TP (10.2 mL). Fresh root biomass was higher with ZnO-NE from MD (3.54 g). All Zn sources improved the fresh and dry weight of stem; fresh (6.5 g) and dry (0.85 g) weight of leaf highlighted with ZnO-NE from PD. Foliar spraying with ZnO-NE is an alternative to improve growth and biomass production on cucumber seedlings grown in greenhouse.

Peasant agroecology faces limitations in commercial visibility and institutional recognition despite its contributions to ecological, food and cultural sustainability. This article analyses the participatory construction of a territorialised collective brand within the Red de Soberanía Alimentaria de Productores Indígenas de la Montaña de Guerrero, Mexico (SAPIGro), and systematises the Territorialised Collective Brand Model (TCBM). The research was conducted in 2024 with 18 families from seven rural Indigenous communities using a participatory action research strategy that combined symbolic co-design workshops, participant observation, documentary analysis and Frederic Vester’s systemic analysis matrix to identify critical variables within the local agri-food system. The results show that the TCBM is structured around four interrelated dimensions: identity, organisational, productive and commercial–symbolic. Cultural identity operates as a regulatory variable, while organisational capacities and market access constitute critical variables. The collective brand functions as a social innovation and symbolic territorialisation mechanism that strengthens community agency, revalues Indigenous agroecological food systems, and provides transferable methodological inputs for rural development policies and strategies grounded in territoriality and solidarity-based economies.