Pakistan is not merely confronting the energy crisis but also dealing with the scarcity of economical technologies for the utilization of energy resources. From the basic resources, renewable energy is one of the considerable resources. Due to environmental issues related to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollution in Pakistan, the other energy resources are constricted. In rural areas, biomass resources are a fundamental need for domestic purposes. The prominent reason for environmental degradation and deforestation is due to ineffective use of such resources. Biomass resources for heating and cooking purposes are abundantly available in rural areas of Pakistan. In this context, this study helps us select the applicable cookstove technologies for the Sindh province for the proper utilization of biomass resources. The AHP (analytical hierarchy process) was used as the central methodology for the cookstove ranking. Concerning its improvement, four main criteria corresponding to 12 sub-criteria were considered for the selection of three cookstove technologies, i.e., traditional cookstoves (TCS), efficient cookstoves (ECS), and biogas cookstoves (BCS). The final decision of the AHP framework exposed the ECS technology as the advantageous technology, followed by the BCS and TCS, respectively. To analyze the results, a sensitivity analysis of the major results has also been carried out, and under the final ranking matrix, the ECS alternative got the highest weightage, nearly 36.56%, based on the developed model.

Numerous critical and intricate systems from various disciplines of sciences are developed by means of differential equations. Analytical methods are frequently complex or unfeasible to execute for problems due to the difficulty of these systems, therefore, numerical methods are the way out. To integrate differential equations, the most common approaches are single step and multistep techniques. A well-known multistep method Adams formula is one of the appropriate methods for solving non-stiff ordinary differential equation (ODEs). Present research emphases of 3-Point Block Method with one off-step point using Adams Moulton Formula for finding the solution intended for the system of non-stiff first order ODEs. Block method has been derived by considering the Adams Formula. The development of this method will compute the three solution values at x_n+1 , x _n+2 and x _n+3 comprising of one off-step point at x _n+2.5 using constant step size. The advantage of adding up one off-step point in the implicit Adams method will lead us towards better accuracy. This paper is shaped up with the derivation of the formula followed by its convergence properties by using MATHEMATICA software. As a result, the method is consistent and zero-stable, which implies convergence.

This study was carried out in order to analyze the climate change driven influence on mean monthly flow series of Danube River and its tributaries during the last century. The study confirms some signs of climate driven alterations in monthly river flow series along with change in flow seasonality during the last century. In spite of this, man-made interference in the basin like i.e. groundwater extraction, irrigation, river regulation, land use alteration and urbanization, has significantly changed Danube flow regime in most areas of the catchment. The analysis of Achleiten station demonstrates that average annual flow regime is a little bit increased. Major increase is observed in winter and autumn months and decrease in summer months. These seasonal alterations clearly signal a future glimpse of reduced water availability in alpine basins. This will mainly occur due to the change in the form of precipitation in winter, from snow to rain and the consequent less snow accumulation, and the early melt of snow storage, less precipitation and high evaporation rate in summer.