In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us understand the impact on the environment and health benefits. However, the summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there is a lack of integrative reviews that assess the global demand and development of EVs simultaneously and collectively. This review would provide insight for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.

The paradigm for energy systems has shifted in the last several years from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources (RESs). Leveraging RESs seeks to meet local demand while reducing complexity, expense, and inefficiencies and promoting energy independence, local resilience, and the transition to zero CO2 emissions. One of the RES technologies that could help create clean, dependable, scalable, and reasonably priced energy is solar energy. This article offers a detailed analysis of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. It examines the distinct qualities and developments of the three generations of solar PV technologies: first-generation crystalline silicon, second-generation thin-film, and third-generation developing technologies including perovskite and organic cells. The study also looks at the many diverse applications of solar photovoltaics, such as energy communities, microgrids, transportation systems, telecommunications, and agriculture. Moreover, it highlights the deployment of the solar PV system in Italy by overseeing the installed capacity, electricity generation, and energy consumption with different types of energy sources after focusing on global and European scenarios. From the data, it is seen that China, USA, and India have led the world in capacity growth for solar PV, while Europe continues to lead the way in policy-driven solar adoption. Italy has made great growth in Europe after Germany in 2023 as compared to previous years. Apart from this, the challenges are also seen which could result the hindrances in the deployment of solar PV growth. So, the article also offers recommendations for the future like the establishment of a balanced policy environment for distributed PV, encouragement of off-grid electrification system adoption, maintenance of the solar PV cost reduction trajectory, and encouraging the creation of more intelligent inverter systems to help with balance-of-system cost reductions and grid integration, friendly relation with community and supportive policies in the country.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the major problems that the world is facing nowadays. The transportation sector, where vehicles run on oil, contributes a large amount of GHG. The development of electric vehicles to meet the allowed GHG limits has recently been the main focus of research worldwide. Research in electric vehicles (EVs) has observed a tremendous upsurge in recent years. However, reviews that analyze and present the demand and development of EVs comprehensively are still inadequate, and this integrative review is an effort to fill that gap. This study has revealed many thought‐provoking understandings related to specific developments, specifically global demand and growth of EVs along with electricity and battery demand, current technological developments in EVs, energy storage technologies, and charging strategies. It also details the next generation of EVs and their technological advancements, such as wireless power transfer. The development of a smart city concept by EV implementation added a new aspect to this review. The summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there has been a lack of integrative reviews that assessed EVs’ global demand and development simultaneously and collectively. This review concludes the intuitions for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.

For over a decade, distributed generations (DGs) have sufficiently convinced the researchers that they are the economic and environment-friendly solution that can be integrated with the centralized generations. The optimal planning of distributed generations requires the appropriate location and sizing and their corresponding control with various power network types to obtain the best of the technical, economical, commercial, and regulatory objectives. Most of these objectives are conflicting in nature and require multi-objective solutions. Therefore, this paper brings a comprehensive literature review and a critical analysis of the state of the art of the optimal multi-objective planning of DG installation in the power network with different objective functions and their constraints. The paper considers the adoption of optimization techniques for distributed generation planning in radial distribution systems from different power system performance viewpoints; it considers the use of different DG types, distribution models, DG variables, and mathematical formulations; and it considers the participation of different countries in the stated DG placement and sizing problem. Moreover, the summary of the literature review and critical analysis of this article helps the researchers and engineers to explore the research gap and to find the future recommendations for the robust optimal planning of the DGs working with various objectives and algorithms. The paper considers the adoption of uncertainties on the load and generation side, the introduction of DGs with energy storage backups, and the testing of DG placement and sizing on large and complex distribution networks.

Geothermal is a renewable energy source, but this is not as often seen as other renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, etc. Several applications could be implemented through geothermal energy, and heating & cooling systems are one of them. Because of the limits of technology, it is hard to improve cooling systems as an application. To address long-term sustainable space heating and cooling, it is imperative to develop geothermal technology. It is known as the oldest, most flexible, most adaptable, and most prevalent approach toward using renewable energy. Therefore, this review has reviewed the global development and challenges of geothermal energy for cooling systems. There are large reserves of geothermal energy available around the world, and numerous scholars have emphasized its importance, but due to a lack of knowledge, no operational work has been done in using these systems for cooling up to this point. This review paper examines globally available geothermal energy sources and technologies for environmentally friendly and sustainable cooling supplies. Finally, the benefits and challenges of geothermal systems for cooling are outlined to promote local, regional, and global investment in utilizing these resources for cooling.