Cupola slag is a waste material of the steel and iron industries. Its composition is determined by the cupola furnace and other elements used in steel and iron manufacturing. This paper investigates the characterization behavior of various cupola slag materials. As a result, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used to characterize three cupola slag samples from distinct origins. In addition, various physical properties were used to compare different cupola slags. The specific gravity values of CS-1 (cupola slag-1 sample), CS-2 (cupola slag-2 sample), and CS-3 (cupola slag-3 sample) are 1.36, 2.5, and 2.917, respectively. The density and water absorption for CS-1, CS-2, and CS-3 are 1414.86, 1477.71, and 1796 kg/m3, and 0.37%, 0.32%, and 0.26%, respectively. Cupola slag also includes a larger percentage of lime, according to XRF data, which contributes to its improved binding characteristics. A higher calcium oxide content in CS-3 could facilitate the pozzolanic process. The presence of angular particles that aid in material binding is seen in the SEM image. Compounds with a nanostructure are then flawlessly blended into the mixture and grouped with calcium alumina silicates formed by cement hydration. The XRD pattern of cupola slag exhibits high peaks, indicating that the material is crystalline in character and can be utilized as sand. It also shows the presence of other chemical compounds, such as silica, which ranges from 30% to 45%. CS-1 and CS-2 have comparable XRD patterns. However, CS-3 has a somewhat different pattern because of the greater CaO content. Weight loss begins at higher temperatures, which shows that the material is stable at higher temperatures, according to a thermo-gravimetric study. The differential thermal analysis curve of CS-3 indicates that the material remains stable up to a temperature of 600 °C. The physical characteristics of all cupola slag samples show that cupola slag may be utilized to make sustainable building materials because of its lower specific gravity, density, and water absorption.

Offering intended products at an affordable price is a highly challenging task in a business environment. To meet such challenges, industrial experts and researchers have different approaches, such as shifting the purchase of materials from import mode to local vendors and optimizing machining cost by optimizing process parameters, waste reduction, rework reduction, and technological improvements. The novelty of this study lies in reducing material cost by accurate materials forecasting to minimize storage cost, ablation cost, average annual consumption cost, etc. This study aims to compare the efficacy of the Seasonal Decomposition Method (SDM) against Multi-Echelon Inventory Optimization (MEIO) for minimizing inventory through accurate materials forecasting. Through rigorous evaluation and analysis, this research seeks to clarify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, thereby providing insights into their applicability and effectiveness in addressing inventory management challenges across diverse seasonal demand patterns. The sample size was taken as 50 per group. The G-power applied is about 80%. The significance value obtained is 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two algorithms used for inventory reduction and materials forecasting. SDM (63.43) outperforms MEIO (48.57) in terms of accuracy. SDM yielded a better accuracy when compared to MEIO for inventory minimization and materials forecasting.

In this paper, a radiating element consisting of a modified circular patch is proposed for MIMO arrays for 5G millimeter-wave applications. The radiating elements in the proposed 2 × 2 MIMO antenna array are orthogonally configured relative to each other to mitigate mutual coupling that would otherwise degrade the performance of the MIMO system. The MIMO array was fabricated on Rogers RT/Duroid high-frequency substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2, a thickness of 0.8 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The individual antenna in the array has a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.6 GHz from 27.25 to 28.85 GHz for S₁₁ ≤ −10 dB, and the MIMO array has a gain of 7.2 dBi at 28 GHz with inter radiator isolation greater than 26 dB. The gain of the MIMO array was increased by introducing frequency-selective surface (FSS) consisting of 7 × 7 array of unit cells comprising rectangular C-shaped resonators, with one embedded inside the other with a central crisscross slotted patch. With the FSS, the gain of the MIMO array increased to 8.6 dBi at 28 GHz. The radiation from the array is directional and perpendicular to the plain of the MIMO array. Owing to the low coupling between the radiating elements in the MIMO array, its Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.002, and its diversity gain (DG) is better than 9.99 dB in the 5G operating band centered at 28 GHz between 26.5 GHz and 29.5 GHz.

In this work, a new prototype of the eight-element MIMO antenna system for 5G communications, internet of things, and networks has been proposed. This system is based on an H-shaped monopole antenna system that offers 200 MHz bandwidth ranges between 3.4–3.6 GHz, and the isolation between any two elements is well below −12 dB without using any decoupling structure. The proposed system is designed on a commercially available 0.8 mm-thick FR4 substrate. One side of the chassis is used to place the radiating elements, while the copper from the other side is being removed to avoid short-circuiting with other components and devices. This also enables space for other systems, sub-systems, and components. A prototype is fabricated and excellent agreement is observed between the experimental and the computed results. It was found that ECC is 0.2 for any two radiating elements which is consistent with the desirable standards, and channel capacity is 38 bps/Hz which is 2.9 times higher than 4 × 4 MIMO configuration. In addition, single hand mode and dual hand mode analysis are conducted to understand the operation of the system under such operations and to identify losses and/or changes in the key performance parameters. Based on the results, the proposed antenna system will find its applications in modern 5G handheld devices and internet of things with healthcare and high rate delivery. Besides that, its design simplicity will make it applicable for mass production to be used in industrial demands.

This study presents a compact multi-band fork-shaped multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna design that integrates Carrel's log-periodic concept with the planar log-periodic array (PLPA) mechanism to improve C, Ku, K, Ka, and Q band performance. The suggested MIMO antenna full size is 54 × 44 × 1.58 mm³. The study empirically shows improved isolation and high gain of wideband MIMO antenna, addressing the requirements for modern wireless communication. The suggested self-multi-band coupling counteraction, characterized by a straightforward antenna design and extensive self-decoupling capabilities, is expected to offer considerable application value for compact and wideband MIMO systems. The observed data supports the assertion that the proposed MIMO antenna is designed to operate across a variety of frequency bands, including the C-band (4.4-5.21 GHz), Ku-band (14.30-17.64 GHz), K-band (20.10-28.10 GHz), Ka-band (28.95-30.76 GHz) and (32.38-36.42 GHz), and a segment of the Q-band (38.34-39.55 GHz). The proposed MIMO antenna's wideband performance is achieved by applying the Carrel log-periodic theory, which prescribes the geometric scaling of radiating elements. Moreover, it was found that a microstrip feed line with a diameter of 50 Ω was noteworthy in conjunction with the carrel concept. The microstrip feed line is connected to two orthogonal branches. Decoupling structures eliminate the necessity for the MIMO antenna to achieve its maximum gain of 7.21 to 9.53 dBi and exceptional element isolation of 21.54 dB. MIMO performance measurements, encompassing envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL), demonstrate favorable characteristics and field correlation performance over the operational spectrum band. The design suggested suits Ku/K-band and multi-band MIMO applications across diverse wireless systems in communication.