En el presente estudio se estima el potencial de producción de bioetanol en Ecuador, teóricamente obtenible a partir del aprovechamiento de residuos de cacao; para esto, se formuló un modelo matemático de la hidrólisis ácida en la celulosa de la corteza del cacao y su conversión a etanol por fermentación. Metodológicamente, el estudio se apoya en documentación oficial sobre la cantidad de biomasa residual de este cultivo nacional y provincial, y en un modelo cinético adaptado al caso en estudio. Se obtuvo 8,28 Mml de bioetanol, de cuya mezcla con gasolina extra, en una proporción 5:95 v/v, resulta la gasolina Ecopaís E5C. Se estimó una producción de 166 Mml de E5C, correspondiente al 10 % de la producción nacional para el año 2017 y 56 % de la producción para el año 2014, año en el que se estimó la biomasa residual de cacao. Asimismo, la región Costa aporta el 71 % de la producción nacional de bioetanol y de E5C, liderado por la provincia de Guayas, en la cual la gasolina E5 representa el 25 % de su consumo en 2017. Se concluye que esta ruta de producción de bioetanol es una opción atractiva de diversificación respecto al cultivo de la caña de azúcar, y agrega valor a una biomasa residual desechada actualmente. Los resultados teóricos constituyen la base para estudios más detallados en provincias que combinan un alto potencial de residuos del cacao y un consumo creciente de E5C, pero deben complementarse con investigaciones de corte experimental para corroborar su validez y aportar elementos que determinen la viabilidad de la ruta de producción de bioetanol estudiada.

Although a number of works present biochar as a promising material for improving the quality of degraded soils, only a few show the effect of this material in soils from the Andean highlands. The objective of this work was twofold: (a) to study the effect of two types of biochars on two agricultural soils commonly found in the Andean highlands (Andisol and Inceptisol) and the corresponding soil–biochar–fertilizer interactions, and, (b) to assess the response to biochar of two vegetable crops (lettuce and radish) grown in succession in a simulated double-cropping system. Biochar was produced at 400 °C and 500 °C, for 1 h (B400 and B500, respectively), using hardwood residues. Properties of biochar that could potentially affect its interaction with soil and water (e.g., functional groups, surface area, elemental composition) were assessed. Experiments were conducted to test for main and interaction effects of biochar type, soil type, and the addition of NPK fertilizer on the soils’ characteristics. Bulk density and water content at field capacity and permanent wilting point were affected by two-way interactions between biochar and soil type. Biochar impacted bulk density and water retention capacity of soils. Higher available water content was found in soils amended with B400 than with B500, which is a consequence of the higher hydrophilicity of B400 compared to B500. After the lettuce crop was planted and harvested, the soil pH was unaffected by the biochar addition. However, after the second crop, the pH in the Inceptisol slightly decreased, whereas the opposite was detected in the Andisol. The CEC of the Inceptisol decreased (e.g., from 36.62 to 34.04 and from 41.16 to 39.11 in the control and in the Inceptisol amended with B400 only) and the CEC of the Andisol increased (e.g., from 74.25 to 90.41 in the control and from 79.61 to 90.80 in the Andisol amended with B400 only). Inceptisol amended only with biochar showed decrease of radish weight, while a large increase was found in B400 + fertilizer Inceptisol (i.e., from 22.9 g to 40.4 g). In Andisol, the weight of radish after the second crop increased in less proportion (i.e., from 43 g in the control to 59.7 g in the B400 + fertilizer Andisol), showing a visible positive impact of B400. The results suggest that biochar produced at 400 °C performs better than biochar produced at 500 °C because B400 apparently promotes a better environment for bacteria growth in the soils, as a consequence of more OH available groups in B400 and its better interaction with water and the fertilizer.

The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has driven the search for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. In this context, cocoa residues emerge as a promising feedstock for bioethanol production. This study evaluated the influence of a catalytic biorefinery treatment on the bioethanol production potential from cocoa pod husks. Both raw and catalytically treated biomass were characterized using SEM, pore size distribution analysis, and TGA. Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using various cellulase and hemicellulase loadings, followed by anaerobic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioethanol production was modeled using the modified Gompertz equation. The results evidenced changes in the structure and composition of the lignocellulosic matrix following catalytic treatment, increasing surface area and reducing hemicellulose content. Although total sugar release during hydrolysis was comparable between the two samples, the biomass processed via the catalytic biorefinery promoted higher sugar consumption and bioethanol concentration, reaching 3.36 g/L with a yield of 112 g kg⁻¹ of dry biomass. The kinetic model showed a strong fit (R² between 0.94 and 0.97). These findings demonstrate that the integration of catalytic biorefinery, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation constitutes a viable alternative for the valorization of cocoa residues.