Introduction. Vitamin D regulates approximately 3% of the human genome, which helps explain its roles in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and immune systems, as well as in the development of malignant diseases and diabetes. Its deficiency may cause rickets in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Every 3 seconds, an osteoporotic fracture occurs, affecting 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 years. The study aimed to evaluate serum vitamin D concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis and to assess the association between vitamin D status and bone mineral density. Material and Methods. This retrospective study included medical records of 100 postmenopausal women diagnosed with osteopenia or osteoporosis by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were divided into three groups by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (< 50 nmol/L; 50-75 nmol/L; ≥ 75 nmol/L) and four age groups (≤ 49; 50-59; 60-69; ≥ 70 years). Results. The mean age of the participants was 67.14 years. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 50.28 nmol/L in women with osteoporosis and 54.98 nmol/L in women with osteopenia. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and hip bone mineral density. Conclusion. Serum vitamin D concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis were below the desirable range. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between serum vitamin D concentration and hip bone mineral density. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of fractures among women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation (meta-inflammation) and metabolic dysregulation. Adipose tissue acts as an immunometabolic organ, with macrophages playing a central role. This review examines inflammatory memory in adipose tissue, focusing on CD68+ macrophages and their role in cardiometabolic and cancer risk during weight cycling. (2) Narrative synthesis of evidence from immunology, obesitology, and oncology, with emphasis on macrophage polarization and signaling pathways. (3) Weight cycling induces persistent immune memory in adipose tissue, characterized by exaggerated macrophage responses upon weight regain. CD68+ macrophages contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling, tumor signaling, and metabolic dysfunction. Key mechanisms include PI3K/AKT/mTOR dysregulation, FOXO1/KLF10 axis impairment, and CREB-mediated transcription. This inflammatory memory promotes atherosclerosis progression, insulin resistance, and increased cancer risk, despite prior weight loss. (4) Macrophage-driven inflammatory memory represents a key mechanistic link between obesity, cardiometabolic disease, and cancer. Targeting meta-inflammation independent of body weight should be integral to future therapies.

Background/Objectives: Detection of adrenal tumors is increasing, mainly due to the widespread use and improved availability of radiological imaging. Their occurrence increases with age, and recent studies have reported a substantial increase in detection rates over the past few decades. This study aimed to describe the clinical spectrum and management of adrenal tumors in a real-world tertiary referral setting. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted to characterize the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management, and pathological spectrum of adrenal tumors treated at the University Clinical Center of Vojvodina between January 2020 and December 2025. This study included 862 patients with adrenal tumors from the outpatient clinic, day hospital, and hospital ward of the Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, from January 2020 to December 2025. Results: Mean age was 60.73 ± 11.51 (range 19–90) years. Peak prevalence was observed in the seventh decade of life. Accordingly, 86.5% of tumors were smaller than 4 cm, 50.3% of tumors were detected in the left adrenal gland, and 14.4% were bilateral. Non-functioning tumors accounted for 85.3% of cases, while tumors showing biochemical cortisol autonomy, aldosterone-secreting tumors, and catecholamine-secreting tumors accounted for 5.7%, 4.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. CT-based assessment of tumors showed that 88.6% were adenomas, while 3.2% were cases of pheochromocytoma, 2.6% metastasis, 2.1% carcinoma, and, in smaller percentages, cysts, myelolipoma, macro- and micronodular hyperplasia, and other types. Tumor histopathology (n = 121) showed adenoma, pheochromocytoma, and metastasis as the most common (45.5%, 24%, and 10.7%, respectively). Patients with malignant lesions were significantly older than those with benign lesions (p < 0.01) and pheochromocytoma (p < 0.01). In the subgroup with histopathological diagnosis (n = 121), histopathology was significantly associated with tumor size (χ²(4) = 19.80, p < 0.001), which may reflect selection for surgery or biopsy. The mean age of patients with benign tumors, pheochromocytoma, and malignant tumors was 52.34 ± 13.86, 51.07 ± 12.35, and 63.73 ± 12.38, respectively. In the tissue-diagnosed subgroup, right-sided localization was more frequent among malignant tumors (p = 0.035), although the small number of cases warrants cautious interpretation. Conclusions: In our cohort, most adrenal tumors were benign and non-functioning, while hormonally active and malignant lesions represented a smaller but clinically important proportion requiring specialized evaluation and management. These findings provide real-world insights into adrenal tumor care in a tertiary referral setting and support the need for standardized data collection and prospective multicenter studies.